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alcalde
Alcalde (; ), or Alcalde ordinario, is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions. An ''alcalde'' was, in the absence of a corregidor, the presiding officer of the Castilian ''cabildo'' (the municipal council) and judge of first instance of a town. ''Alcaldes'' were elected annually, without the right to reelection for two or three years, by the ''regidores'' (council members) of the municipal council. The office of the ''alcalde'' was signified by a staff of office, which they were to take with them when doing their business.〔The (Osuna Codex ) depicts Viceroy Luís de Velasco granting the staffs of office to the ''alcaldes'' and ''alguaciles'' of the Mexica municipality of Mexico City.〕〔For a contemporary recording of an ''alcalde'' receiving the staff of office from the ''ayuntaminto'', see (The Installation of the new ''Ayuntamiento'' of Figueres ).〕
== Medieval origins ==
The office of the ''alcalde'' evolved during the Reconquista as new lands were settled by the expanding kingdoms of León and Castile. As fortified settlements in the area between the Douro and Tagus rivers became true urban centers, they gained, from their feudal lords or the kings of Leon and Castile, the right to have councils. Among the rights that these councils had was to elect a municipal judge (''iudex'' in Latin and ''juez'' in Spanish). These judges were assisted in their duties by various assistant judges, called ''alcaldes'', whose number depended on the number of parishes the town had.〔O'Callaghan, ''A History of Medieval Spain'', 269-271.〕 The title ''alcalde'' was borrowed from the Arabic ''al-qaḍi'' (قاضي), meaning "the judge."〔The second L in ''alcalde'' evolved from the Castilian and Portuguese attempts at pronouncing the emphatic consonant ḍād. The old Portuguese cognate ''alcalde'' was never applied to the presiding municipal officer and retained its original meaning of "judge." "Alcalde" in Corominas, ''Diccionario crítico'', Vol. A-CA (1), 127.〕 The word ''alcalde'' originally was used for simple judges, as in Andalusian Arabic. Only later was it applied to the presiding municipal magistrate.〔Corominas, "Alcalde", 127.〕 This early use continued to be reflected in its other uses, such as ''alcaldes del crimen'', the judges in the ''audiencias''; ''Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad'', who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; ''alcaldes mayores'', a synonym for corregidor; and ''alcaldes de barrio'', who were roughly the equivalent of British parish constables. Because of this, the municipal ''alcalde'' was often referred to as an ''alcalde ordinario''.
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