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amniocentesis
Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure〔The word ''amniocentesis'' itself indicates precisely the procedure in question, Gr. ἀμνίον ''amníon'' being the "inner membrane round the foetus" and κέντησις ''kéntēsis'' meaning "pricking", i.e. its puncture in order to retrieve some amniotic fluid.〕 used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Diagnostic Tests – Amniocentesis )〕 and also used for sex determination in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities. The most common reason to have an "amnio" is to determine whether a baby has certain genetic disorders or a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome. Amniocentesis (or another procedure, called chorionic villus sampling (CVS)) can diagnose these problems in the womb.
Amniocentesis is usually done when a woman is between 14 and 16 weeks pregnant. Women who choose to have this test are primarily those at increased risk for genetic and chromosomal problems, in part because the test is invasive and carries a small risk of miscarriage. This process can be used for prenatal sex discernment and hence this procedure has legal restrictions in some countries.
==Procedure==
Before the start of the procedure, a local anesthetic can be given to the mother in order to relieve the pain felt during the insertion of the needle used to withdraw the fluid. After the local anesthetic is in effect, a needle is usually inserted through the mother's abdominal wall, then through the wall of the uterus, and finally into the amniotic sac. With the aid of ultrasound-guidance, a physician punctures the sac in an area away from the fetus and extracts approximately 20ml of amniotic fluid.
If used for prenatal genetic diagnosis, fetal cells are separated from the extracted sample. The cells are grown in a culture medium, then fixed and stained. Under a microscope the chromosomes are examined for abnormalities. The most common abnormalities detected are Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Turner syndrome (monosomy X). In regard to the fetus, the puncture seals and the amniotic sac replenishes the liquid over the next 24–48 hours.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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