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amphitheatre
An amphitheatre or amphitheater is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (''amphitheatron''),〔(ἀμφιθέατρον ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, '56'An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'', on Peseus〕 from ἀμφί (''amphi''), meaning "on both sides" or "around"〔(ἀμφί ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕 and θέατρον (''théātron''), meaning "place for viewing".〔(θέατρον ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕
Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. In modern usage, "amphitheater" is sometimes used to describe theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round, and stadiums. Natural formations of similar shape are sometimes known as natural amphitheatres.
==Roman amphitheatres==
(詳細はAncient Roman amphitheatres were major public venues, circular or oval in plan, with perimeter seating tiers. They were used for events such as gladiator combats, chariot races, ''venationes'' (animal hunts) and executions. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across the area of the Roman Empire. Their typical shape, functions and name distinguish them from Roman theatres, which are more or less semicircular in shape; from the circuses (akin to hippodromes) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events; and from the smaller stadia, which were primarily designed for athletics and footraces.〔Bomgardner, 37.〕
The earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the first century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period (27 BC–14 AD) onwards.〔Bomgardner, 59.〕 Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators, and the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble, stucco and statuary.〔Bomgardner, 62.〕 After the end of gladiatorial games in the 5th century and of animal killings in the sixth, most amphitheatres fell into disrepair, and their materials were mined or recycled. Some were razed, and others converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places; in some of these, churches were sited.〔Bomgardner, 201–223.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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