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An analeptic, in medicine, is a central nervous system stimulant. The term ''analeptic'' typically refers to respiratory analeptics (for example, doxapram). Analeptics are central nervous system stimulants that include a wide variety of medications used to treat depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and respiratory depression. Analeptics can also be used as convulsants, with low doses causing patients to experience heightened awareness, restlessness and rapid breathing. The primary medical use of these drugs is as an anesthetic recovery tool or to treat emergency respiratory depression. Other drugs of this category are prethcamide, pentylenetetrazole, and nikethamide. Nikethamide is now withdrawn due to risk of convulsions. Analeptics have recently been used to better understand the treatment of a barbiturate overdose. Through the use of agents researchers were able to treat obtundation and respiratory depression.〔Kim, Y. J., H. Lee, C. H. Kim, G. Y. Lee, H. J. Baik, and J. I. Han. "Effect of Flumazenil on Recovery from Anesthesia and the Bispectral Index after Sevoflurane/fentanyl General Anesthesia in Unpremeditated Patients." Korean J Anesthesiol (2012): 19-23. PubMed. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.〕 ==History== After their introduction in the early 20th century, analeptics were used to study the new life-threatening problem of barbiturate overdose. Prior to the 1930s naturally occurring stimulants such as camphor and caffeine were utilized in the treatment of barbiturate overdose. Between 1930 and 1960 synthetic analeptics such as nikethamide, pentylenetetrazol, bemegride, amphetamine, and methylphenidate replaced the naturally occurring compounds in treating barbiturate overdose. Recently, analeptics have been turned to the treatment of ADHD due to more efficient ways to treat barbiturate overdoses.〔Wax, P. M. "Analeptic Use in Clinical Toxicology: A Historical Appraisal." J Toxicol Clin Toxicol (1997): 203-09. PubMed. Web. 15 Mar. 2015.〕 One of the first widely used analeptics was strychnine, which causes CNS excitation by antagonizing the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine.〔 Strychnine is subcategorized as a convulsant along with picrotoxin and bicuculline, thought these convulsant inhibit GABA receptors instead of glycine. Strychnine was used until the early 20th century, when it was found to be a highly toxic convulsant. Strychnine is now available as a rodenticide as well as an adulterant in drugs such as heroin.〔 The other two convulsants antagonize GABA receptors, but neither are commonly accessible today.〔 Doxapram has begun to fade into obscurity in humans even though it is an effective CNS and respiratory stimulant. The use has declined primarily because of shorter lasting anesthetic agents becoming more abundant, but also because some research has shown potential side effects in infants.〔 Some studies on preterm infants found that doxapram causes decreased cerebral blood flow and increased cerebral oxygen requirement. This resulted in these infants having higher chances of developing mental delays than infants not treated with the drug.〔 Thus, doxapram has been eliminated from many treatments for humans because of its potential dangers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「analeptic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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