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Analogy (from Greek ἀναλογία, ''analogia'', "proportion"〔(ἀναλογία ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕〔(analogy ), Online Etymology Dictionary〕) is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. The word ''analogy'' can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often, though not necessarily, a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy. Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving such as, decision making, perception, memory, creativity, emotion, explanation, and communication. It lies behind basic tasks such as the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in face perception and facial recognition systems. It has been argued that analogy is "the core of cognition".〔Hofstadter in Gentner et al. 2001.〕 Specific analogical language comprises exemplification, comparisons, metaphors, similes, allegories, and parables, but ''not'' metonymy. Phrases like ''and so on'', ''and the like'', ''as if'', and the very word ''like'' also rely on an analogical understanding by the receiver of a message including them. Analogy is important not only in ordinary language and common sense (where proverbs and idioms give many examples of its application) but also in science, philosophy, and the humanities. The concepts of association, comparison, correspondence, mathematical and morphological homology, homomorphism, iconicity, isomorphism, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor may be equivalent to that of analogy. Analogy has been studied and discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists, and lawyers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notably in cognitive science. ==Usage of the terms "source" and "target"== With respect to the terms ''source'' and ''target'' there are two distinct traditions of usage: * The logical and cultures and economics tradition speaks of an ''arrow'', ''homomorphism'', ''mapping'', or ''morphism'' from what is typically the more complex ''domain'' or ''source'' to what is typically the less complex ''codomain'' or ''target'', using all of these words in the sense of mathematical category theory. * The tradition in cognitive psychology, in literary theory, and in specializations within philosophy outside of logic, speaks of a mapping from what is typically the more familiar area of experience, the ''source'', to what is typically the more problematic area of experience, the ''target''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「analogy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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