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''Anschluss'' (, ) was the Nazi propaganda term for the invasion and forced incorporation of Austria to Nazi Germany in March 1938.〔("Anschluss" ). ''Britannica''. Retrieved 2014-21-05.〕 German spelling, until the German orthography reform of 1996, was ''Anschluß''〔(Anschluss ) PONS Online Dictionary〕 and was also known as the ''Anschluss Österreichs'' (, (ドイツ語:Austrian Annexation)). The 1938 Anschluss stands in contrast to the ''Anschluss movement'' (Austria and Germany united as one country), initially attempted in 1918, when the Republic of German-Austria attempted union with Germany, but the Treaty of Saint Germain (10 September 1919) and the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) forbade both the union and the continued use of the name "German-Austria" (''Deutschösterreich''). Previously, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 had resulted in the dissolution of the 19th-century German Confederation, a loose association which had included Austria as well as the various independent German monarchies, such as Prussia and Bavaria. ==The ''Anschluss''== Austria was invaded by the Third Reich on 12 March 1938.〔CBS World Roundup Broadcast 13 March 1938 Columbia Broadcasting System retrieved from http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3〕 There had been several years of pressure by supporters in both Austria and Germany (by both Nazis and non-Nazis) for the ''"Heim ins Reich"'' movement. Earlier, Nazi Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party (Austrian Nazi Party) in its bid to seize power from Austria's Fatherland Front government. In the face of rioting by the small, but virulent, Austrian Nazi Party and ever expanding German demands on Austria, Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg called a referendum to provide a popular vote on the issue, knowing that the majority of Austrians would vote in favor of maintaining Austrian independence. But before this could take place, Hitler threatened invasion, and demanded Chancellor von Schuschnigg's resignation and the appointment of the Nazi, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, as his replacement. Hitler's plan was for Seyss-Inquart to immediately call for German troops to rush to Austria's aid, restoring order and giving the invasion an air of legitimacy. However, the German Fuhrer underestimated his opposition. Schuschnigg did resign, but President Wilhelm Miklas initially refused to appoint Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor. Hitler, tired of waiting, ordered the invasion to commence at dawn on the morning of 12 March.〔Nazis Take Austria, The History Place, retrieved from http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-austria.htm〕 By the time Seyss-Inquart could send his telegram, it was relatively clear to the rest of the world that the request was theatrics. Schuschnigg's plebiscite, naturally, was cancelled by the newly installed Nazis. As Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Edgar A Mowrer, reporting from Paris for CBS, observed: "There is no one in all France who does not believe that Hitler invaded Austria not to hold a genuine plebiscite, but to prevent the plebiscite planned by Schusschnigg from demonstrating to the entire world just how little hold National Socialism really had on that tiny country." 〔 Clearly it was Hitler, and not von Schuschnigg, who was terrified by the potential results of the scheduled plebiscite, and that was the best indication of where Austrians' loyalty lay. The newly installed Nazis, within two days, transferred power to Germany, and ''Wehrmacht'' troops entered Austria to enforce the ''Anschluss''. The Nazis held a controlled plebiscite in the whole Reich within the following month, asking the people to ratify the fait accompli, and claimed that 99.7561% of the votes cast in Austria were in favor.〔(Austria: A Country Study. ) Select link on left for The Anschluss and World War II. Eric Solsten, ed. (Washington, D. C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1993).〕〔Emil Müller-Sturmheim ''99.7%: a plebiscite under Nazi rule'' Austrian Democratic Union London, England 1942〕 Austrian citizens of Jewish origin were not admitted to the ''Volksabstimmung'' (plebiscite). Although the Allies were committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and that of St. Germain, that specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, their reaction was only verbal and moderate. No military confrontation took place, and even the strongest voices against the annexation, particularly Fascist Italy, France, and Britain (the "Stresa Front") remained at peace. The loudest verbal protest was voiced by the government of Mexico. The ''Anschluss'' was among the first major steps of Adolf Hitler's creation of a Greater German Reich that was to include all ethnic Germans and all the lands and territories that the German Empire had lost after the First World War. Although Austria had never been a part of 20th-century Germany (the unification of Germany of the mid to late 19th century created a Prussian dominated nation state in 1871, leaving Austria outside of "Lesser Germany"), it was the logical next target. Prior to invading Austria in 1938, the Third Reich had remilitarized the Rhineland, and the Saar region was returned to Germany after 15 years of occupation through a plebiscite. After the ''Anschluss'', Hitler targeted Czechoslovakia, provoking an international crisis which led to the Munich Agreement in September 1938, giving the Third Reich control of the industrial Sudetenland, which had a predominantly ethnic German population. In March 1939, Hitler then ended Czechoslovakia by recognizing the independence of Slovakia and making the rest of the nation a protectorate. That same year, Memelland was returned from Lithuania. With the Anschluss, the German-speaking Republic of Austria ceased to exist as an independent state. At the end of World War II, a Provisional Austrian Government under Karl Renner was set up by conservatives, social democrats and communists on 27 April 1945 (when Vienna had already been occupied by the Red Army), cancelled the Anschluss the same day and was legally recognized by the Allies in the following months. It was not until 1955 that Austria, by the so-called State Treaty of Vienna, regained full sovereignty. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「anschluss」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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