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anthropogeny
Anthropogeny is the study of human origins. It is not simply a synonym for human evolution by natural selection, which is only a part of the processes involved in human origins. Many other factors besides biological evolution were involved, ranging over climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones. Anthropogenesis, meaning the process or point of becoming human, is also called hominization.
==History of usage==
The term ''anthropogeny'' was used in the 1839 edition of Hooper's ''Medical Dictionary''〔Robert Hooper, M.D. (1839) ''A New Medical Dictionary Containing the Explanation of the Terms in Anatomy, Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacy, Practice of Physic, Surgery, Materia Medica, Midwifery, and the Various Branches of Natural Philosophy Connected with Medicine''. Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son, Benjamin Warner, and Edward Parker. Griggs & Company Printers.〕 and was defined as "the study of the generation of man". The term was popularized by Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834–1919), a German naturalist and zoologist, in his groundbreaking books, ''Natural History of Creation''〔Ernst Haeckel (1868) ''The History of Creation''. New York: D. Appleton and Company〕 (German: ''Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschicht'') (1868) and ''The Evolution of Man'' 〔Ernst Haeckel (1897) ''The Evolution of Man: A Popular Exposition of the Principal Points of Human Ontogeny and Phylogeny'', Volumes 1 and 2. English Translation. New York: D. Appleton and Company〕(German: ''Anthropogenie'') (1874). Haeckel was one of the first biologists to publish on evolution. Haeckel used the term Anthropogeny to refer to the study of comparative embryology and defined it as "the history of the evolution of man". The term changed over time, however, and came to refer to the study of human origins.〔Otis T. Mason (1880) "Sketch of North American Anthropology in 1879", ''The American Naturalist'' 14(5): 348-356.〕
The last use of the word ''anthropogeny'' in English literature was in 1933 by William K. Gregory.〔 There was a gap in the usage of the term from 1933 to 2008. Anthropogeny was reintroduced in 2008〔Ajit Varki, Daniel Geschwind, and Evan Eichler (2008) Explaining human uniqueness: genome interactions with environment, behaviour and culture. ''Nature Reviews Genetics'' 9(10): 749-763.〕 and is now back in academic use at the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) at the University of California, San Diego.
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