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antimilitarism
Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the anarchist movement, and more globally in the socialist movement, which may be characterized as internationalist movements. It relies heavily on a critical theory of nationalism and imperialism, and was an explicit goal of the First and Second International. Whereas pacifism is opposition to violence in general, antimilitarism is opposed to war between states in particular and, of course, militarism. Paul B. Miller defines anti-militarism as ''"ideology and activities...aimed at reducing the civil power of the military and ultimately, preventing international war"''.〔''From Revolutionaries to Citizens : Antimilitarism in France, 1870-1914'' by Paul B. Miller. Duke University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8223-2757-0, p. 8.〕 Cynthia Cockburn defines an anti-militarist movement as one opposed to "military rule, high military expenditure or the imposition of foreign bases in their country".〔Cynthia Cockburn, ''Antimilitarism: Political and Gender Dynamics of Peace Movements''. London, Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. ISBN 0230359752, p.2.〕 Martin Ceadel points out that anti-militarism is sometimes equated with ''Pacificism''- general opposition to war or violence, except in cases where force is deemed absolutely necessary to advance the cause of peace.〔Martin Ceadel, 'Thinking about peace and war''. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0192192000, p. 101.〕
While antimilitarism is an ideology typically associated with the left, it is also found among Old Right and libertarian capitalist elements, most notably in the United States.
== Distinction between antimilitarism and pacifism ==
While pacifism is opposition to all war, antimilitarists, while rejecting military values, do not reject war in all circumstances.〔〔"Antimilitarism is not pacifism or the total rejection of war". Lisa M. Mundy, ''American militarism and anti-militarism in popular media, 1945-1970''. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 2012. ISBN 9780786466504, p.7.〕
Pacifism has been historically associated with faith in transcendent ideas, such as "God" or "Humanity", which Stirner, for example, criticized in ''The Ego and Its Own'' (1844), a milestone of individualist anarchism. Pacifism is thus opposed to atheistic antimilitarism, which is based on a critical analysis of the military state institution, the military-industrial complex and, in a broader sense, patriotism and the nationalist concept of nation-states' sovereignty. Thus, Gandhi justified non-violence by an ideal of redemption with the idea that non-violence makes one morally stronger, while the early Martin Luther King based his civil disobedience techniques on his Christian faith (later his criticism of the Vietnam War was quite secular). On the contrary, antimilitarism was commonly found alongside anti-clericalism, since the Church and the Army both represented repressive institutions (or Ideological State Apparatuses – ISA – as Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser called them). Antimilitarism, as a specific doctrine distinguished from pacifism, is not opposed to violence in general, but mainly to the state's control of police forces and the military institution. Antimilitarism is thus often a logical consequence of anti-statism, and vice versa. Finally, antimilitarism should not be confused either with the Clausewitzian doctrine of civilian control of the military, which considers that "war is the continuation of politics by other means" and that tactics and strategy must thus be controlled by diplomacy and political objectives. Although Clausewitz opposed Jomini's advocacy of the autonomy of the military institution, which became a reality with Prussian militarism and the Schlieffen Plan, the latter limiting the political choices available until war finally became the only solution available (and thus exploded in World War I), his doctrine of limitation of military power was clearly an effort to increase the power of the state, rather than to oppose inter-state wars〔Concerning Clausewitz's theory of the necessary control of military institutions by the civilian power versus Jomini's advocacy of the autonomy of the military institution and the separation between politics and war, and the application of Jomini's theories by the Prussian army, in particular in the Schlieffen Plan, and later by the RAND Corporation, see Manuel de Landa's ''War in the Age of the Intelligent Machines'' (1991)〕
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