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antiphon
An antiphon (Greek ἀντίφωνον, ἀντί "opposite" and φωνή "voice") in Christian music and ritual is a responsory by a choir or congregation, usually in the form of a Gregorian chant, to a psalm or other text in a religious service or musical work.
Antiphony is now generally used for any call and response style of singing, such as the kirtan and the sea shanty. Antiphonal music is music that is performed by two semi-independent choirs in interaction, often singing alternate musical phrases.〔E. Foley and M. Paul, ''Worship music: a concise dictionary'' (Liturgical Press, 2000), p. 18.〕 ''Antiphonal psalmody'' is the singing or musical playing of psalms by alternating groups of performers.〔J. McKinnon, ''Music in early Christian literature'' (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 10.〕 An antiphony is also a choir-book containing antiphons.
== Origins ==
The 'mirror' structure of Hebrew psalms renders it probable that the antiphonal method was present in the services of the ancient Israelites. According to the historian Socrates of Constantinople, antiphony was introduced into Christian worship by Ignatius of Antioch (died 107), who saw a vision of two choirs of angels.〔A.C. Zenos, ed., 'The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus,' book VI, chapter VIII, vol 2, p 144. In ''A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church'', Second Series, P. Schaff and H. Wace, eds (Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1957).〕
Antiphons have remained an integral part of the worship in the Byzantine and Armenian Rite. The practice was not found in the Latin Church until more than two centuries later. Ambrose and Gregory the Great, who are known for their contributions to the formulation of Gregorian chant, are credited with 'antiphonaries', collections of works suitable for antiphon, which are still used in the Roman Catholic Church today.〔G. Wainwright, K. B. W. Tucker. ''The Oxford history of Christian worship'' (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 244.〕
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