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Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews as an ethnic, religious, or racial group.〔(anti-Semitism – Definition and More from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary ). Retrieved 2 June 2012.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.adl.org/assets/pdf/education-outreach/Brief-History-on-Anti-Semitism-A.pdf )〕〔See, for example: *"Anti-Semitism", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006. *Johnson, Paul. ''A History of the Jews'', HarperPerennial 1988, p 133 ff. *Lewis, Bernard. ("The New Anti-Semitism" ), ''The American Scholar'', Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25-36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on March 24, 2004. *Antisemitism is more commonly used than "religious antisemitism" or "anti-Judaism." The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', for example, defines "antisemitism" to include religious antisemitism: "hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group." ("Anti-Semitism", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006.) Also see ("Anti-Semitism" ), Merriam-Webster Dictionary.〕 A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is widely considered to be a form of racism. While the conjunction of the units ''anti-'', ''Semite'', and ''-ism'' indicates antisemitism as being directed against all Semitic people, the term was popularized in Germany in 1873 as a scientific-sounding term for ''Judenhass'' (Jew-hatred),〔 *Rattansi, Ali. (''Racism: A Very Short Introduction'' ), Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 4–5. *Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (''Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy'' ), Westminster John Knox Press, 2003, p. 30. *Johnston, William M. (''The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938'' ), University of California Press, 1983, p. 27.〕 although it had been used for at least two decades prior, and that has been its common use since then.〔 *Lewis, Bernard. ("Semites and Antisemites" ). Extract from ''Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East'', The Library Press, 1973. broken link, page?, quote? *"Anti-Semitism", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006. quote? * *Lewis, Bernard. ("The New Anti-Semitism" ), ''The American Scholar'', Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25–36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on 24 March 2004. broken link〕 Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized violent attacks by mobs, state police, or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine of 1648–1657, various pogroms in Imperial Russia between 1821 and 1906, the 1894–1906 Dreyfus affair in France, the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. ==Origin and usage in the context of xenophobia== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「antisemitism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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