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Antiseptic(s) (from Greek ἀντί ''anti'', "against"〔(ἀντί ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕 and σηπτικός ''sēptikos'', "putrefactive"〔(σηπτικός ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from ''antibiotics'' by the latter's ability to be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body, and from ''disinfectants'', which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects. Disinfectants do not kill bacterial spores e.g., on surgical instruments; a sterilization process is required for that. Even sterilization may not destroy prions. Some antiseptics are true ''germicides'', capable of destroying microbes (bacteriocidal), while others are bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth. Antibacterials are antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals. ==Usage in surgery== The widespread introduction of antiseptic surgical methods followed the publishing of the paper ''Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery'' in 1867 by Joseph Lister, inspired by Louis Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction. In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by: * Ancient Greek physicians Galen (''circa'' 130–200) and Hippocrates (''circa'' 400 BC) and Sumerian clay tablets dating from 2150 BC that advocate the use of similar techniques. * Medieval surgeons Hugh of Lucca, Theoderic of Servia, and his pupil Henri de Mondeville were opponents of Galen's opinion that pus was important to healing, which had led ancient and medieval surgeons to let pus remain in wounds. They advocated draining and cleaning wound lips with wine, dressing the wound after suturing it if necessary, and leaving the dressing on for ten days, soaking it in warm wine all the while, before changing it. Their theories were bitterly opposed by Galenist Guy de Chauliac and others trained in the classical tradition.〔Edwards, H, 1976. Theodoric of Cervia, a medieval antiseptic surgeon, ''Proceedings of the Royal Society, 69 (3) pages=553–5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1864551/?page=1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1864551/?page=2〕 * Joseph Smith alluded to the use of alcohol as an antiseptic in February 1833, when he wrote what is now section 89 of the ''Doctrine and Covenants'', popularly known as the "Word of Wisdom". Specifically, verse 7 states: "And, again, strong drinks are not for the belly, but for the washing of your bodies." * Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., who published ''The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever'' in 1843 * Florence Nightingale, who contributed substantially to the report on the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army (1856–1857), based on her earlier work * Ignaz Semmelweis, who published his work ''The Cause, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever'' in 1861, summarizing experiments and observations since 1847 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「antiseptic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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