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The Apella ((ギリシア語:Ἀπέλλα)) was the popular deliberative assembly in the Ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, corresponding to the ''ecclesia'' in most other Greek states. Every Spartan male full citizen who had completed his thirtieth year was entitled to attend the meetings, which, according to Lycurgus ordinance, must be held at the time of each full moon within the boundaries of Sparta. The word is derived from the Doric word ''apella'' (), which originally meant wall, fence for animals and later assembly of people within the limits of the square.〔Spartan verb: , and the festival , which surely belonged to Apollo: Nilsson, Vol I p. 556〕 The explanation is given by Hesychius: ''apellai'' (), ''sekoi'' ( "folds"), ''ecclesiai'' (: popular assemblies).〔Ηeschych. : Nilsson, Vol I, p. 556〕〔(απελλάζω ) 〕 The festival ''apellai'' was surely dedicated to the god Apollo (Doric form: ) and it was spread by the Dorians in central-Greece, as it is proved by the use of the month ''Apellaios'' ().〔Nilsson, Vol I, p. 556〕 The meetings had in all probability taken place originally in the Agora, but were later transferred to the neighbouring building known as the Skias.〔 Paus. iii. 12. 10 〕 According to Plutarch, a Great Rhetra〔 D. Ogden, (Crooked speech ): the genesis of the Spartan rhetra, ''JHS'' 114 (1994) 85-102. 〕 was given by Pythia to Lycurgus. The old aristocratic council, was substituted by the gerousia (thirty elders including the two kings). The meetings of the "apella" should take place from time to time, and the citizents should have the power to debate and take the decisions. 〔Plut. ''Lycurg. VI, 1-2.〕〔C. Mosse, p. 168-171 〕 This right of the citizents was very soon limited. The kings Theopompus and Polydorus, probably during the 7th century BC, added to the "rhetra" that the kings and the elders (gerousia) could set aside any "crooked" decision of the people.〔 Plut. ''Lycurg.'' VI,4,5 ()〕〔 The presiding officers were at first the kings, but in historical times the ephors, and the voting was conducted by shouts; if the president was doubtful as to the majority of voices, a division was taken and the votes were counted. The apella simply accepted or rejected the proposals submitted to it. In later times, too, the actual debate was almost, if not wholly, confined to the kings, elders, ephors and perhaps the other magistrates. The apella voted on peace and war, treaties and foreign policy in general: it decided which of the kings should conduct a campaign and settled questions of disputed succession to the throne: it elected elders, ephors and other magistrates, emancipated helots and perhaps voted on legal proposals. There is a single reference〔Xen. ''Hell.'' iii. 3. 8 〕 to a "small assembly" () at Sparta, but nothing is known as to its nature or competence. The term ''apella'' does not occur in extant Spartan inscriptions, though two decrees of Gythium belonging to the Roman period refer to the μεγάλαι ἀπέλλαι〔〔Le Bas-Foucart, ''Voyage archéologique'', ii., Nos. 242a, 243 〕 The apella was responsible for electing men to the gerousia for life. Candidates were selected from the aristocrats and presented before the apella. The candidate who received the loudest applause became a member of the gerousia. The apella also elected the five ephors annually. Ephors presided over meetings of the gerousia and the apella. They could not run for re-election. The gerousia presented motions before the apella. The apella then voted on the motions. However, unlike the ecclesia in Athens, the apella did not debate; it merely approved or disapproved of measures. Moreover, the gerousia always had the power to veto the decision of the apella. ==See also== *Apellai *Great Rhetra *Apellaia 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「apella」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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