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Aphids, also known as plant lice and in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, blackflies, or whiteflies (not to be confused with "jumping plant lice" or true whiteflies), are small sap-sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.〔 Aphids are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions. The damage they do to plants has made them enemies of farmers and gardeners the world over, though from a zoological standpoint they are a highly successful group of organisms. Their success is due in part to the asexual reproductive capabilities of some species. About 4,400 species are known, all included in the family Aphididae.〔http://aphid.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1159459〕 Around 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in length from . Natural enemies include predatory ladybirds, hoverfly larvae, parasitic wasps, aphid midge larvae, crab spiders, lacewings, and entomopathogenic fungi such as ''Lecanicillium lecanii'' and the Entomophthorales. Plant natural defense protein inhibitor can be induced prior to aphid infestation by simulating slight damage such as leaf damage. plants are protected from aphid offspring which are stunted and incapable of causing damage to plant. Plants natural defence protects plants also due to aphids choosing to avoid plants which are producing protein inhibitors. Significant results in experiments at okanogan university college produced miniature adult aphids. ==Distribution== Aphids are distributed worldwide, but are most common in temperate zones. In contrast to many taxa, aphid species diversity is much lower in the tropics than in the temperate zones. They can migrate great distances, mainly through passive dispersal by riding on winds. For example, the currant-lettuce aphid, ''Nasonovia ribisnigri'', is believed to have spread from New Zealand to Tasmania in this way. Aphids have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「aphid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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