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Apparatchik ((ロシア語:аппара́тчик) (:ɐpɐˈratɕɪk)) is a Russian colloquial term for a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party or government "apparat" (apparatus) that held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management called "Nomenklatura". James Billington describes one as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details."〔James H. Billington, ''Fire in the minds of men'', Transaction Publishers, 1999, (p. 455 ), ISBN 0-7658-0471-9, ISBN 978-0-7658-0471-6〕 It is often considered a derogatory term, with negative connotations in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.〔Raymond Pearson, ''The rise and fall of the Soviet Empire'', Palgrave Macmillan, (p. xx ), 1998, ISBN 0-312-17407-1〕 Members of the "apparat" were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.〔Roland Huntford, ''The new totalitarians'', Chapter 7 "The Rule of the Apparatchiks," Stein and Day, 1972, p. 135, ISBN 0-8128-1408-8, ISBN 978-0-8128-1408-8.〕 Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.〔David Stuart Lane, Cameron Ross, ''The transition from communism to capitalism: ruling elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin'', Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, (p. 25-26 ), ISBN 0-312-21612-2, ISBN 978-0-312-21612-2〕 Today ''apparatchik'' is also used in contexts other than that of the Soviet Union or communist countries. According to Collins English Dictionary the word can mean "an official or bureaucrat in any organization".〔apparatchik. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/apparatchik〕 According to Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary, the term was also used in the meaning "Communist agent or spy", originating in the writings of Arthur Koestler, c. 1941.〔(Apparatchik ) Dictionary.com〕 In Australia, the term is often used to describe people who have made their career as factional operatives and leaders in political parties, and who are therefore perceived to have little 'real-world' experience outside of politics. == See also == * Jobsworth * Bureaucracy * New class * Nomenklatura * Partmaximum * Political commissar * European Commission * Clientelism 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「apparatchik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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