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Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be ''in apposition''. One of the elements is called the appositive, although its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.For example, in the two sentences below, the phrases ''Alice Smith'' and ''my sister'' are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:* My sister, ''Alice Smith'', likes jelly beans.* Alice Smith, ''my sister'', likes jelly beans.Traditionally, appositions were called by their Latin name ''appositio'', although the English form is now more commonly used. It is derived from Latin: ''ad'' ("near") and ''positio'' ("placement").Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type, and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. This makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a nurse by training, ...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a nurse by training".==Restrictive versus non-restrictive==Non-restrictive appositive -->Restrictive appositive -->A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, and the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed.In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the ''appositive phrase''A or the ''phrase in apposition''P.* ''My friend''P ''Alice Smith''A likes jelly beans. - I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.* He likes ''the television show''P ''The Simpsons''A. - There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition.It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas.("Commas: Some Common Problems" ), Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, ''princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/''.The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.* ''Alice Smith''P, ''my friend''A, likes jelly beans. - The fact that Alice is my friend was not necessary to identify her.* I visited ''Canada''P, ''a beautiful country''A. - The appositive is not needed to identify Canada.* ''The first to arrive at the house''A, ''she''P unlocked the front door.The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:* ''My brother''P ''Nathan''A is here. - Restrictive: I have many brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.* ''My brother''P, ''Nathan''A, is here. - Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive form.In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.A relative clause is not always an appositive.* ''My sister''P, ''Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the noun phrase ''Alice Smith''.* ''My sister''P, ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the clause ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''.* My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. - There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: ''whose name is Alice Smith''.
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be ''in apposition''. One of the elements is called the appositive, although its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.
For example, in the two sentences below, the phrases ''Alice Smith'' and ''my sister'' are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:
* My sister, ''Alice Smith'', likes jelly beans.
* Alice Smith, ''my sister'', likes jelly beans.
Traditionally, appositions were called by their Latin name ''appositio'', although the English form is now more commonly used. It is derived from Latin: ''ad'' ("near") and ''positio'' ("placement").
Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type, and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. This makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a nurse by training, ...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a nurse by training".
==Restrictive versus non-restrictive==
A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition.
It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, and the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed.
In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas.
The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the ''appositive phrase''A or the ''phrase in apposition''P.
* ''My friend''P ''Alice Smith''A likes jelly beans. - I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.
* He likes ''the television show''P ''The Simpsons''A. - There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.
A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition.
It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed.
In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas.〔
("Commas: Some Common Problems" ), Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, ''princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/''.〕
The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.
* ''Alice Smith''P, ''my friend''A, likes jelly beans. - The fact that Alice is my friend was not necessary to identify her.
* I visited ''Canada''P, ''a beautiful country''A. - The appositive is not needed to identify Canada.
* ''The first to arrive at the house''A, ''she''P unlocked the front door.
The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:
* ''My brother''P ''Nathan''A is here. - Restrictive: I have many brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.
* ''My brother''P, ''Nathan''A, is here. - Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.
If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive form.
In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.
A relative clause is not always an appositive.
* ''My sister''P, ''Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the noun phrase ''Alice Smith''.
* ''My sister''P, ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the clause ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''.
* My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. - There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: ''whose name is Alice Smith''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 Restrictive appositive -->A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, and the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed.In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the ''appositive phrase''A or the ''phrase in apposition''P.* ''My friend''P ''Alice Smith''A likes jelly beans. - I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.* He likes ''the television show''P ''The Simpsons''A. - There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition.It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas.("Commas: Some Common Problems" ), Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, ''princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/''.The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.* ''Alice Smith''P, ''my friend''A, likes jelly beans. - The fact that Alice is my friend was not necessary to identify her.* I visited ''Canada''P, ''a beautiful country''A. - The appositive is not needed to identify Canada.* ''The first to arrive at the house''A, ''she''P unlocked the front door.The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:* ''My brother''P ''Nathan''A is here. - Restrictive: I have many brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.* ''My brother''P, ''Nathan''A, is here. - Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive form.In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.A relative clause is not always an appositive.* ''My sister''P, ''Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the noun phrase ''Alice Smith''.* ''My sister''P, ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the clause ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''.* My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. - There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: ''whose name is Alice Smith''.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■Restrictive appositive -->A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, and the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed.In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the ''appositive phrase''A or the ''phrase in apposition''P.* ''My friend''P ''Alice Smith''A likes jelly beans. - I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.* He likes ''the television show''P ''The Simpsons''A. - There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition.It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas.("Commas: Some Common Problems" ), Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, ''princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/''.The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.* ''Alice Smith''P, ''my friend''A, likes jelly beans. - The fact that Alice is my friend was not necessary to identify her.* I visited ''Canada''P, ''a beautiful country''A. - The appositive is not needed to identify Canada.* ''The first to arrive at the house''A, ''she''P unlocked the front door.The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:* ''My brother''P ''Nathan''A is here. - Restrictive: I have many brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.* ''My brother''P, ''Nathan''A, is here. - Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive form.In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.A relative clause is not always an appositive.* ''My sister''P, ''Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the noun phrase ''Alice Smith''.* ''My sister''P, ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the clause ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''.* My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. - There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: ''whose name is Alice Smith''.">ウィキペディアで「Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be ''in apposition''. One of the elements is called the appositive, although its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.For example, in the two sentences below, the phrases ''Alice Smith'' and ''my sister'' are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:* My sister, ''Alice Smith'', likes jelly beans.* Alice Smith, ''my sister'', likes jelly beans.Traditionally, appositions were called by their Latin name ''appositio'', although the English form is now more commonly used. It is derived from Latin: ''ad'' ("near") and ''positio'' ("placement").Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type, and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. This makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a nurse by training, ...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a nurse by training".==Restrictive versus non-restrictive==Non-restrictive appositive -->Restrictive appositive -->A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, and the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed.In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the ''appositive phrase''A or the ''phrase in apposition''P.* ''My friend''P ''Alice Smith''A likes jelly beans. - I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.* He likes ''the television show''P ''The Simpsons''A. - There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition.It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas.("Commas: Some Common Problems" ), Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, ''princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/''.The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.* ''Alice Smith''P, ''my friend''A, likes jelly beans. - The fact that Alice is my friend was not necessary to identify her.* I visited ''Canada''P, ''a beautiful country''A. - The appositive is not needed to identify Canada.* ''The first to arrive at the house''A, ''she''P unlocked the front door.The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:* ''My brother''P ''Nathan''A is here. - Restrictive: I have many brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.* ''My brother''P, ''Nathan''A, is here. - Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive form.In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.A relative clause is not always an appositive.* ''My sister''P, ''Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the noun phrase ''Alice Smith''.* ''My sister''P, ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the clause ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''.* My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. - There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: ''whose name is Alice Smith''.」の詳細全文を読む
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