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Arnis, also known as Eskrima and Kali, is the national sport and martial art of the Philippines. The three are roughly interchangeable umbrella terms for the traditional martial arts of the Philippines ("Filipino Martial Arts," or FMA) that emphasize weapon-based fighting with sticks, knives, bladed weapons and various improvised weapons. It is also known as ''Estoque'' (Spanish for rapier), ''Estocada'' (Spanish for thrust or stab) and ''Garrote'' (Spanish for club). In Luzon they may go by the name of ''Arnis de Mano'', ''Pananandata'' (use of weapons), ''Sinawali'' (Pampanga, "to weave"), ''Sitbatan'' & ''kalirongan'' (Pangasinan), ''Didya'' and ''Kabaroan'' (Ilocos region). In the Visayas and Mindanao, these martial arts have been referred to as ''eskrima'', ''kali'', ''kaliradman'' and ''pagaradman''. Kuntaw and silat are separate martial arts that are also practiced in the Philippine islands. Arnis also includes hand-to-hand combat, joint locks, grappling and weapon disarming techniques. Although in general, emphasis is put on weapons for these arts, some systems put empty hands as the primary focus and some old school systems do not teach weapons at all.〔(Filipino Warrior Arts Research Society ) Macachor, Celestino S., Macachor met old practitioners who put emphasis or practiced only empty-hands forms when he was learning FMA and during research for his book with Dr. Ned Nepangue, ''Cebu Eskrima: Beyond the Myth''.〕 For the simple purpose of convenience and to be in line with ''Republic Act No. 9850'' (known as the "Philippine Arnis Law"), this article will primarily use the term ''Arnis'' throughout. There is no favoritism nor disrespect intended to the other names of the arts. ==Etymology== For all intents and purposes, arnis, eskrima and kali all refer to the same family of Filipino weapon-based martial arts and fighting systems. Both ''Arnis'' and ''Eskrima'' are loans from Spanish: *Arnis comes from ''arnés'', Old Spanish for ''armor'' (''harness'' is an archaic English term for armor, which comes from the same roots as the Spanish term). It is said to derive from the armor costumes used in ''Moro-moro'' stage plays where actors fought mock battles using wooden swords. ''Arnes'' is also an archaic Spanish term for weapon, like in the following sentence from ''"Ilustracion de la Deztreza Indiana"'' by Francisco Santos de la Paz in 1712: ''"Siendo tan infalible la execucion desta doctrina, que no solo consigue ésta superioridad en concurso de armas iguales, sino tambien hallandose el contrario con la aparente ventaja de venir armado de los dos arneses, Espada, y Daga; pues aun con ellos experimenta la dificultad de resistir á esta Espada sola..."'' "The execution of this doctrine is so infallible, that not only does it prove its superiority in contests with equal arms, but also when finding the opponent with the apparent advantage of showing up armed with two weapons, sword and dagger. For, even armed with those, experience shows the difficulty of resisting the single sword used in this way..." *Eskrima (also spelled Escrima) is a Filipinization of the Spanish word for fencing, Esgrima.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/escrima/eskrima.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.warriorseskrima.com/info1.htm )〕 Their cognate in French is Escrime and is related to the English term ''skirmish''. *Kali has multiple theories on its origin: : * One theory is that the word comes from ''tjakalele'',〔Remy Presas, 1974, "Modern Arnis", pp. 10-12 ISBN 971-08-6041-0〕 a tribal style of stick-fencing from Indonesia. This is supported by the similarities between tjakalele and eskrima techniques, as well as Mindanao's proximity to Indonesia. : * According to Guro Dan Inosanto, Kali is a portmanteau of the Cebuano words "kamot", meaning hand, and "lihok", meaning motion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Black Eagle (Detailed history of Eskrima) )〕 : * In the Ilocano language, ''kali'' means to dig and to stab.〔Federico Lazo, "Kali Caused the Change of the Word Kali to the Words Arnis and Escrima", 2008, Filipino Martial Arts Digest〕 : * There exist numerous similar terms of reference for martial arts such as ''kalirongan'' , ''kaliradman'' and ''pagkalikali''. These may be the origin of the term ''kali'' or they may have evolved from it.〔 : * According to Grandmaster Vic Sanchez, the Pangasinense term ''Kalirongan'' means "Karunungan ng Lihim" or Wisdom of (the) Secret (fighting arts) or "Wisdom of Kali". : * In his book ''KALI - History of a Forbidden Filipino Fighting Arts'', Fred Lazo put forward that ''Kali'' was an ancient root word for blade, and that the Filipino words for right hand (''kanan'') and left hand (''kaliwa'') are contractions of the terms "way of the blade" (''kali daanan'') and "without blade" (''kali wala'') as weapons are usually held with the right hand and the left hand is typically empty.〔Federico Lazo, "Kali - A Filipino Fighting Art that Originated in Ancient Time ", 2008, Filipino Martial Arts Digest〕 : * In their book ''Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth'' however, Dr. Ned Nepangue and Celestino Macachor contend that the term ''Kali'' in reference to Filipino martial arts did not exist until the Buenaventura Mirafuente wrote in the preface of the first known published book on Arnis, "Mga Karunungan sa Larong Arnis" by Placido Yambao, the term ''Kali'' as the native mother fighting art of the Philippine islands. : * Most likely, ''Kali'' derives from the pre-Hispanic Filipino term for blades and fencing, Calis, documented by Ferdinand Magellan's expedition chronicler Antonio Pigafetta during their journey through the Visayas and in old Spanish to Filipino Mother Tongue dictionary and vocabulary books dating from 1612 to the late 1800s, such as in Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura. The term ''calis'' in various forms was present in these old Spanish documents in Ilocano, Kapampangan, Ibanag (''calit''), Tagalog, Bicolano (''caris''), Waray (''caris''), Hiligaynon and Cebuano (''calix, baladao'' - "kalis balaraw/dagger" and ''cales''). In some of these dictionaries, the term calis refers to a sword or knife kris or keris, while in others it refers to both swords and knives and their usage as well as a form of ''esgrima'' stick fighting.〔〔 While Mirafuente posits that the original term was "Kali" and that the letter "S" was added later, the late Grandmaster Remy Presas suggests that the "S" was dropped in modern times and became presently more known as "Kali" in FMA circles. Practitioners of the arts are called ''Arnisador'' (male, plural ''arnisadores'') and ''Arnisadora'' (female, plural ''arnisadoras'') for those who call theirs ''Arnis'', ''Eskrimador'' (male, plural ''eskrimadores'') or ''Eskrimadora'' (female, plural ''eskrimadoras'') for those who call their art ''Eskrima'', and ''Kalista'' or ''Mangangali'' for those who practice ''Kali''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「arnis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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