|
''Aronia'' is a genus of deciduous shrubs, the chokeberries, in the family ''Rosaceae'', native to eastern North America and most commonly found in wet woods and swamps.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PHME13 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Photinia floribunda'' )〕 The genus is usually considered to contain two or three〔 species, one of which is naturalized in Europe. A fourth form that has long been cultivated under the name ''Aronia''〔 is now considered to be an intergeneric hybrid, ''Sorbaronia mitschurinii''. Chokeberries are cultivated as ornamental plants and as food products. The sour berries can be eaten raw off the bush, but are more frequently processed. They can be found in wine, jam, syrup, juice, soft spreads, tea, salsa, chili starters, extracts, beer, ice cream, gummies and tinctures. The name "chokeberry" comes from the astringency of the fruits, which create a sensation making one's mouth pucker.〔 Chokeberries are often mistakenly called chokecherries, which is the common name for ''Prunus virginiana''. Further adding to the ambiguity, a variety of ''Prunus virginiana'' is named ''melanocarpa'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Prunus virginiana'' L. var. ''melanocarpa'' (A. Nelson) Sarg.: black chokecherry )〕 readily confused with ''black chokeberry'', commonly referred to as "black chokeberry" or "aronia". Aronia berries and chokecherries are both high in polyphenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, yet the two plants are distantly related within the ''Rosaceae'' family ==Identification and taxonomy== The leaves are alternate, simple, and oblanceolate with crenate margins and pinnate venation; in autumn the leaves turn a bold red color. Dark trichomes are present on the upper midrib surface. The flowers are small, with 5 petals and 5 sepals, and produced in corymbs of 10-25 together. Hypanthium is urn-shaped. The fruit is a small pome, with an astringent flavor. ''Aronia'' has been thought to be closely related to ''Photinia'', and has been included in that genus in some classifications,〔Robertson, K. R., J. B. Phipps, J. R. Rohrer, and P. G. Smith. 1991. A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae). ''Systematic Botany'' 16:376–394.〕 but botanist Cornelis Kalkman observed that a combined genus should be under the older name ''Aronia''.〔Kalkman, C. 2004. Rosaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. Edited by K. Kubitzki. Springer, Berlin. pp. 343–386, isbn=3-540-06512-1. (in Google books, page 377 )〕 The combined genus contains about 65 species.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas )〕 In 2004, Kalkman expressed doubt about the monophyly of the combined group, and new molecular studies confirm this.〔 They do not place these two genera together or even near one another. In eastern North America are two well-known species, named after their fruit color, red chokeberry and black chokeberry, plus a purple chokeberry whose origin is a natural hybrid of the two.〔 A fourth species, ''Aronia mitschurinii'', that apparently originated in cultivation, is also known as ''Sorbaronia mitschurinii''. Red chokeberry, ''Aronia arbutifolia'' (''Photinia pyrifolia''), grows to 2–4m tall, rarely up to 6 m and 1-2 m wide. Leaves are 5–8 cm wide and densely pubescent on the underside. The flowers are white or pale pink, 1 cm wide, with glandular sepals. The fruit is red, 4–10 mm wide, persisting into winter. Black chokeberry, ''Aronia melanocarpa'' (''Photinia melanocarpa''),〔 tends to be smaller, rarely exceeding 1 m tall and 3 m wide, and spreads readily by root sprouts. The leaves are smaller, not more than 6-cm wide, with terminal glands on leaf teeth and a glabrous underside. The flowers are white, 1.5 cm wide, with glabrous sepals. The fruit is black, 6–9 mm wide, not persisting into winter. Purple chokeberry, ''Aronia prunifolia'' (''Photinia floribunda'')〔 apparently originated as a hybrid of the black and red chokeberries but might be more accurately considered a distinct species than a hybrid〔 (see also nothospecies). Leaves are moderately pubescent on the underside. Few to no glands are present on the sepal surface. The fruit is dark purple to black, 7–10 mm in width, not persisting into winter. There are purple chokeberry populations which seem to be self-sustaining independent of the two parent species – including an introduced one in northern Germany where neither parent species occurs – leading botanist Alan Weakley to consider it a full species rather than a hybrid.〔 The range of the purple chokeberry is roughly that of the black chokeberry; it is found in areas (such as Michigan and Missouri) where the red chokeberry is not. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「aronia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|