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ashigaru
were foot-soldiers who were employed by the samurai class of feudal Japan. The first known reference to ''ashigaru'' was in the 14th century,〔(''Warriors of Medieval Japan'', Stephen Turnbull, Osprey Publishing, 2007 p.99 )〕 but it was during the Ashikaga Shogunate-Muromachi period that the use of ''ashigaru'' became prevalent by various warring factions.〔(''War in the early modern world'', Jeremy Black, Taylor & Francis, 1999 p.59 )〕
==Origins==
Attempts were made in Japan by Emperor Tenmu (673–686) to have a conscripted national army, but this did not come about, and by the 10th century Japan instead relied on individual landowners to provide men for conflicts and wars. These horse-owning landowners were the beginnings of the samurai class and the men who worked the land for the landowners became the common foot soldiers during times of war. These foot soldiers could have long ties and loyalty to the landowners which went back many generations.〔(''Ashigaru 1467-1649'', Stephen Turnbull, Howard Gerrard, Osprey Publishing, 2001 p.5-6 )〕
Land-owning samurai, together with peasant foot soldiers, fought in many wars and conflicts including the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281. Constant warfare between the 14th and 16th centuries made the hiring of foot soldiers with no particular loyalty necessary at times. Paid only in loot, these mercenaries were not well-trained and thus could not always be depended upon in battle. Nonetheless, these wandering foot soldiers would eventually become the ''ashigaru''.〔(''Ashigaru 1467-1649'', Stephen Turnbull, Howard Gerrard, Osprey Publishing, 2001 p.5-6 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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