|
}} |image_map = Australia_with_AAT_(orthographic_projection).svg |alt_map = |map_width = 220px |capital = Canberra |latd=35 |latm=18.48 |latNS=S |longd=149 |longm=7.47 |longEW=E |largest_city = Sydney |official_languages = None |languages_type = National language |languages = English〔 |demonym = |government_type = Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |leader_title1 = Monarch |leader_name1 = Elizabeth II |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = Sir Peter Cosgrove |leader_title3 = Prime Minister |leader_name3 = Malcolm Turnbull |leader_title4 = Chief Justice |leader_name4 = Robert French |legislature = Parliament |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = House of Representatives |sovereignty_type = Independence |sovereignty_note = from the United Kingdom |established_event1 = Federation, Constitution |established_date1 = 1 January 1901 |established_event2 = Statute of Westminster Adoption Act |established_date2 = |established_event3 = Australia Act |established_date3 = 3 March 1986 |area_rank = 6th |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 7692024 |population_estimate = 〔 The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.〕 |population_estimate_rank = 51st |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 21,507,717 |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 2.8 |population_density_rank = 233rd |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = 19th |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $47,318〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 17th |GDP_nominal = |GDP_nominal_rank = 12th |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $51,642〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 9th |Gini = 33.6 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = 19th |Gini_year = 2012 |Gini_change = |HDI = 0.933 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 2nd |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |currency = Australian dollar |currency_code = AUD |time_zone = various〔There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see Time in Australia.〕 |utc_offset = +8 to +10.5 |time_zone_DST = various〔 |utc_offset_DST = +8 to +11.5 |date_format = dd-mm-yyyy |drives_on = left |cctld = .au |calling_code = +61 }} Australia (, , colloquially ), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is an Oceanian country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. For at least 40,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century,〔Davison, Hirst and Macintyre, pp. 157, 254.〕 Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa – 50,000 years ago )〕 who spoke languages grouped into roughly 250 language groups.〔Walsh, Michael (1991) "Overview of indigenous languages of Australia" in 〕 After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories. The population of 23.6 million〔 is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in the eastern states and on the coast.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Geographic Distribution of the Population )〕 Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world's 12th-largest economy. In 2014 Australia had the world's fifth-highest per capita income.〔Data refer mostly to the year 2014. (World Economic Outlook Database-April 2015 ), International Monetary Fund. Accessed on 25 April 2015.〕 Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest. With the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Pacific Islands Forum. ==Name== (詳細はAustralian English,〔Australian pronunciations: ''Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition'' (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. ISBN 1-876429-14-3〕) is derived from the Latin ''Terra Australis'' ("southern land") a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times.〔("Australia" ) – Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 28 October 2015.〕 The earliest recorded use of the word ''Australia'' in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in ''Hakluytus Posthumus'', a corruption of the original Spanish name "Austrialia del Espíritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)〔("He named it Austrialia del Espiritu Santo and claimed it for Spain" ) ''The Spanish quest for Terra Australis | State Library of New South Wales Page 1''.〕〔("A note on 'Austrialia' or 'Australia' Rupert Gerritsen - Journal of The Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc.- The Globe, Number 72, 2013 " ) ''Posesion en nombre de Su Magestad (Archivo del Museo Naval, Madrid, MS 951) Page 3''.〕 for an island in Vanuatu.〔Purchas, vol. iv, pp. 1422–32, 1625. This appears to be variation of the original Spanish "Austrialia" .() A copy at the Library of Congress can be read online ().〕 The Dutch adjectival form ''Australische'' was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. The first time that the name Australia appears to have been officially used was in a despatch to Lord Bathurst of 4 April 1817 in which Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledges the receipt of Capt. Flinders' charts of Australia. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.〔Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16〕 In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as ''Australia''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「australia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|
