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autonomism
Autonomism or Autonomist Marxism is a set of anti-authoritarian left-wing political and social movements and theories.〔("Autonomism as a global social movement" by Patrick Cuninghame ). ''WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society''. Volume 13 (December 2010): 451–464. .〕〔(Georgy Katsiaficas. ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life'' ), AK Press 2006〕〔(''Autonomia: Post-Political Politics'' ), ed. Sylvere Lotringer & Christian Marazzi. New York: Semiotext(e), 1980, 2007. ISBN 1-58435-053-9, ISBN 978-1-58435-053-8.〕 As a theoretical system, it first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist (''operaismo'') communism. Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of ''Potere Operaio'', as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno and Franco "Bifo" Berardi.
Georgy Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements saying that "In contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions, autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives. They seek to expand democracy and to help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the outside."〔Georgy Katsiaficas. ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life''. AK Press. 2006. pg. 6〕 As such this has involved a call for the independence of social movements from political parties〔Georgy Katsiaficas. ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life''. AK Press. 2006. pg. 7〕 in a revolutionary perspective which seeks to create a practical political alternative to both authoritarian socialism and contemporary parliamentary democracy.〔Georgy Katsiaficas. ''The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life''. AK Press. 2006. pg. 8〕
Autonomism influenced the German and Dutch ''Autonomen'', the worldwide social centre movement, and today is influential in Italy, France, and to a lesser extent the English-speaking countries. Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to post-structuralists and anarchists.
==Etymology==
The term ''autonomia''/''Autonome'' was first used in 1620, having been composed out of two Greek words, "auto–nomos", referring to someone or something which lives by his/her own rule. Autonomy, in this sense, is not independence. While independence refers to an autarchic kind of life, separated from the community, autonomy refers to life in society but by one's own rule. Though the notion of ''autonomism'' was alien to the ancient Greeks, whose society was not an all-inclusive one, the concept is indirectly endorsed by Aristotle, who stated that only beasts or gods could be independent and live apart from the ''polis'' ("community"), while Kant defined the Enlightenment by autonomy of thought and the famous ''"Sapere aude"'' ("dare to know").
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