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avalon
Avalon (; (ウェールズ語:Ynys Afallon); probably from ''afal'', meaning "apple") is a legendary island featured in the Arthurian legend. It first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 1136 pseudohistorical account ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' ("The History of the Kings of Britain") as the place where King Arthur's sword Excalibur was forged and later where Arthur was taken to recover from his wounds after the Battle of Camlann. Avalon was associated from an early date with mystical practices and people such as Morgan le Fay.
==Etymology==
Geoffrey of Monmouth referred to it in Latin as ''Insula Avallonis'' in the ''Historia''. In the later ''Vita Merlini'' he called it ''Insula Pomorum'' the "isle of fruit trees" (from Latin ''pōmus'' "fruit tree"). The name is generally considered to be of Welsh origin (though an Old Cornish or Old Breton origin is also possible), derived from Old Welsh ''aball'', "apple/fruit tree" (in later Middle Welsh spelled ''avall''; now Modern Welsh ''afall'').〔Koch, John. Celtic Culture:a historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO 2006, p. 146.〕〔Savage, John J. H. "Insula Avallonia", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 73, (1942), pp. 405–415.〕〔Nitze, William Albert, Jenkins, Thomas Atkinson. Le Haut Livre du Graal, Phaeton Press, 1972, p. 55.〕〔Zimmer, Heinrich. Bretonische Elemente in der Artursage des Gottfried von Monmouth, Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, Volume 12, 1890, pp. 246–248.〕 In Breton, apple is spelled "aval"/ "avaloù" in plural. It is also possible that the tradition of an "apple" island among the British was influenced by Irish legends concerning the otherworld island home of Manannán mac Lir and Lugh, Emain Ablach (also the Old Irish poetic name for the Isle of Man),〔 where Ablach means "Having Apple Trees"〔Marstrander, Carl Johan Sverdrup (ed.), Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1976, letter A, column 11, line 026.〕 – derived from Old Irish ''aball'' ("apple")—and is similar to the Middle Welsh name Afallach, which was used to replace the name Avalon in medieval Welsh translations of French and Latin Arthurian tales. All are etymologically related to the Gaulish root
*aballo- (as found in the place name Aballo/Aballone, now Avallon in Burgundy or in the Italian surname Avallone) and are derived from a Common Celtic
*abal- "apple", which is related at the Proto-Indo-European level to English ''apple'', Russian ''яблоко'' (''jabloko''), Latvian ''ābele'', et al.〔Hamp, Eric P. The north European word for ‘apple’, Zeitschrift fuer Celtische Philologie, 37, 1979, pp. 158–166.〕〔Adams, Douglas Q. The Indo-European Word for 'apple' Again. Indogermanische Forschungen, 90, 1985, pp. 79–82.〕
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