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:''Not to be confused with Cultural backwardness'' The backwardness model is a theory of economic growth created by Alexander Gerschenkron. The model postulates that the more backward an economy is at the outset of economic development, the more likely certain conditions are to occur. USSR leader Gorbachev once said, “If you don’t move forward, sooner or later you begin to move backward.”〔(''If you don't move forward you begin to move backard'' Harvard Magazine )〕 The more backward the economy: *The more likely intervention by special institutions will be necessary to properly channel physical capital and human capital to industries. Special institutions include banks or the state. *The greater the emphasis on the production of producer goods than consumer goods. *The greater the emphasis on capital-intensive production rather than labor-intensive production. *The greater the scale of production and enterprise. *The greater the reliance on borrowed rather than indigenous technologies. *The smaller the role of the agricultural sector as a market for new industries. *The greater the reliance on productivity growth. Thorstein Veblen's 1915 ''Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution'' is an extended essay comparing the United Kingdom and Germany,〔(Full text at McMaster University )〕 and concluding that the slowing of growth in Britain, and the rapid advances in the latter, were due to the "penalty of taking the lead." British industry worked out, in a context of small competing firms, the best ways to produce efficiently. Germany's backwardness gave it an advantage in that the best practice could be adopted in large-scale firms. The backwardness model is often contrasted with the Rostovian take-off model developed by W.W. Rostow, which presents a more linear and structuralist model of economic growth, planning it out in defined stages. The two models are not mutually exclusive, however, and many countries appear to follow both models rather adequately. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「backwardness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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