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bakanae
(pronounced "ba-ka-na-eh") or bakanae disease(馬鹿苗病, バカナエビョウ, Bakanae-byou), from the Japanese for "foolish seedling", is a disease that infects the rice plant. It is caused by the fungus ''Gibberella fujikuroi'', the metabolism of which produces a surplus of gibberellic acid. In the plant, this acts as a growth hormone, causing hypertrophy. The afflicted plants, which are visibly etiolated and chlorotic, are at best infertile with empty panicles, producing no edible grains; at worst, they are incapable of supporting their own weight, topple over, and die (hence "foolish seedling disease").
The earliest known report of ''bakanae'' is from 1828; it was first described scientifically in 1898 by Japanese researcher Shotaro Hori, who showed that the causative agent was fungal.〔(A Short History of Gibberellins ) at Plant-Hormones.info〕
The fungus affects rice crops in Asia, Africa, and North America. In epidemic cases yield losses may reach up to 20% or more. A 2003 publication from the International Rice Research Institute estimated that outbreaks of bakanae caused crop losses that were 20% to 50% in Japan, 15% in Thailand and 3.7% in India.
==References==
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抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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