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ballistite
Ballistite is a smokeless propellant made from two high explosives, nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. It was developed and patented by Alfred Nobel in the late 19th century.
==The development of smokeless powders==
For about a thousand years gunpowder, or black powder (Poudre N, ''Poudre Noire''), as it was also known, was the only practical propellant. However, there were several major tactical disadvantages in the use of black powder. Firstly, a squad of soldiers firing volleys would be completely unable to see their targets after a few shots. Secondly, their location would quickly be obvious because of the huge cloud of white smoke hanging over them. Similarly, black powder severely fouled barrels, necessitating constant cleaning, sometimes right in the middle of action. Such fouling also limited the introduction of rifled firearms, with their closer-fitting bullets. For rifles, this problem was partially overcome with the introduction of the Minie ball and the resulting rifled musket. Black powder fouling meant that early revolvers were often built with a relatively loose fit to prevent them from jamming. Further, autoloading firearms quickly become inoperable due to fouling. Black powder is also corrosive.
In 1863, Prussian artillery captain Johann F. E. Schultze patented a small arms propellent of nitrated hardwood impregnated with saltpetre or barium nitrate. Prentice received an 1866 patent for a sporting powder of nitrated paper manufactured at Stowmarket, but ballistic uniformity suffered as the paper absorbed atmospheric moisture. In 1871, Frederick Volkmann received an Austrian patent for a colloided version of Schultze powder called ''Collodin'', which he manufactured near Vienna for use in sporting firearms. Austrian patents were not published at the time, and the Austrian Empire considered the operation a violation of the government monopoly on explosives manufacture and closed the Volkmann factory in 1875.〔Sharpe, Philip B. ''Complete Guide to Handloading'' 3rd Edition (1953) Funk & Wagnalls pp.141-144〕 In 1882, the Explosives Company at Stowmarket patented an improved formulation of nitrated cotton gelatinised by ether-alcohol with nitrates of potassium and barium. These propellants were suitable for shotguns but not rifles.〔Hogg, Oliver F. G. ''Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline'' (1969) p.138-139〕
In 1884, a French chemist, Paul Vieille invented a form of smokeless powder, called Poudre B (''Poudre Blanche'' = white powder).〔Schück H. and Sohlman, R. (1929). ''The Life of Alfred Nobel''. London: William Heinemann Ltd.〕 It was a great improvement over black powder. Poudre B was made from two forms of nitrocellulose (collodion and guncotton), softened with ethanol and ether, and kneaded together. It was three times more powerful than black powder and it did not generate vast quantities of smoke.〔 Smokeless powders are smokeless because their combustion products are mainly gaseous, compared to around 60% solid products for black powder, i.e. (potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, etc.). Poudre B was therefore immediately adopted by the French military; but it tended to become unstable over time, as the volatile solvents evaporated, and this led to many accidents. For example, two battleships, the ''Iéna'' and the ''Liberté'' blew up in Toulon harbour in 1907 and 1911, respectively.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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