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basil
Basil, Thai basil, or sweet basil, is a common name for the culinary herb ''Ocimum basilicum'' (; ) of the family Lamiaceae (mints), sometimes known as Saint Joseph's Wort in some English speaking countries.
Basil is possibly native to India,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Spice Pages: Basil (Ocimum basilicum/sanctum/tenuiflorum/canum) )〕 and has been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years.〔''Father Kino's Herbs: Growing & Using them Today'', 2011 Jacqueline A. Soule, Ph. D., Tierra del Sol Institute Press, Tucson, AZ.〕 It was thoroughly familiar to the Greek authors Theophrastus〔Theophrastus mentions its woody root, i.vi.6.〕 and Dioscorides. It is a half-hardy annual plant, best known as a culinary herb prominently featured in Italian cuisine, and also plays a major role in Southeast Asian cuisines of Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Taiwan. Depending on the species and cultivar, the leaves may taste somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, often sweet smell.
There are many varieties of ''Ocimum basilicum'', as well as several related species or species hybrids also called basil. The type used in Italian food is typically called sweet basil, as opposed to Thai basil (''O. basilicum'' var. ''thyrsiflora''), lemon basil (''O. X citriodorum'') and holy basil (''Ocimum tenuiflorum''), which are used in Asia. While most common varieties of basil are treated as annuals, some are perennial in warm, tropical climates, including holy basil and a cultivar known as 'African Blue'.
== Etymology ==
The word ''basil'' comes from the Greek βασιλεύς (''basileus''), meaning "king",〔In Ancient Greek, basil is ῴκίμον, ''okymon''.〕 as it has come to be associated with the Feast of the Cross commemorating the finding of the True Cross by St. Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine I.〔There is no mention of basil in early sources, Eusebius of Caesarea, Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen.〕 The herbalist John Gerard noted that those stung by scorpions would feel no pain if they ate of basil,〔Gerard, ''Herball''.〕 and Nicholas Culpeper noted of basil that it was "an herb of Mars and under the Scorpion, and therefore called Basilicon",〔(【引用サイトリンク】author= Nicholas Culpeper )〕 relating it to ''basilisk''. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' quotes speculations that basil may have been used in "some royal unguent, bath, or medicine". Basil is still considered the "king of herbs" by many cookery authors.〔See, for example ("Basil, king of the herb garden" ).〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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