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Bastides are fortified〔''Bastide'' emphasises the "built" nature of the enterprise; in spite of the fortified connotations of ''Bastille'', most of the present town walls were not built initially, though their strategic location was a consideration from the start, in part through contractual promises of future military support from the new occupants. See Adrian Randolph, "The Bastides of southwest France" ''The Art Bulletin'' 77.2 (June 1995, pp. 290-307) pp 291 note 11 and 303.〕 new towns built in medieval Languedoc, Gascony and Aquitaine during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, although some authorities count Mont-de-Marsan and Montauban, which was founded in 1144,〔There is little consensus on whether Montauban should be counted as a bastide (Randolph 1995:291 note 11).〕 as the first bastides.〔Bastide in the French Wikipedia, retrieved March 8, 2007.〕 Some of the first bastides were built under Raymond VII of Toulouse to replace villages destroyed in the Albigensian Crusade. He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 (Cordes-sur-Ciel, Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn).〔Randolph 1995:290f.〕 The Bastide were so successful against their opponents in the Hundred Years War, the English adopted them for themselves, First in France, but latter in Wales. Bastides were also latter adopted in Holland and Friesland. ==History== Bastides were developed in number under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1229), which permitted Raymond VII of Toulouse to build new towns in his shattered domains, though not to fortify them. When the Capetian Alphonse of Poitiers inherited, under a marriage stipulated by the treaty, this "bastide founder of unparalleled energy"〔Randolph 1995:303f.〕 consolidated his regional control in part through the founding of bastides. Landowners supported development of the bastides in order to generate revenues from taxes on trade rather than tithes (taxes on production). Farmers who elected to move their families to ''bastides'' were no longer vassals of the local lord — they became free men; thus the development of bastides contributed to the waning of feudalism. The new inhabitants were encouraged to cultivate the land around the bastide, which in turn attracted trade in the form of merchants and markets. The lord taxed dwellings in the bastides and all trade in the market. The legal footing on which the bastides were set was that of ''paréage'' with the local ruling power, based on a formal written contractual agreement between the landholder and a count of Toulouse, a king of France, or a king of England. The landholder might be a cartel of local lords or the abbot of a local monastery. Responsibilities and benefits were carefully framed in a charter, which delineated the ''franchises'' ("liberties") and ''coutumes'' ("customs") of the bastide. Feudal rights were invested in the sovereign, with the local lord retaining some duties as enforcer of local justice and intermediary between the new inhabitants— required to build houses within a specified time, often a year— and the representatives of the sovereign.〔Randolph 1995:292.〕 Residents were granted a houselot, a kitchen garden lot (''casale''), and a cultivable lot (''arpent'') on the periphery of the bastide's lands. The bastide hall and the church were often first constructed of wood. After the bastide was established, they were replaced by structures of stone. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bastide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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