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bebop
Bebop or bop is a style of jazz characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity and improvisation based on the combination of harmonic structure and sometimes references to the melody. It was developed in the early and mid-1940s. This style of jazz ultimately became synonymous with modern jazz, as either category reached a certain final maturity in the 1960s.
It developed as the younger generation of jazz musicians aimed to counter the popular swing style with a new, non-danceable music that demanded listening.〔Lott, Eric. Double V, Double-Time: Bebop's Politics of Style. Callaloo, No. 36 (Summer, 1988), pp. 597-605〕 As bebop was no longer a dance music, it enabled the musicians to play at faster tempos. Bebop musicians explored advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, chord substitutions, asymmetrical phrasing, and intricate melodies and used rhythm sections in a way that expanded their role. The classic bebop combo consisted of saxophone, trumpet, piano, double bass and drums. Some of the influential bebop artists included: tenor sax players Dexter Gordon, Sonny Rollins and John Coltrane; alto sax player Charlie Parker; trumpeters Fats Navarro, Clifford Brown, and Dizzy Gillespie; pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk; guitarist Charlie Christian and drummer Max Roach.
==Etymology==
The term "bebop" is derived from nonsense syllables (vocables) used in scat singing; the first known example of "bebop" being used was in McKinney's Cotton Pickers' "Four or Five Times", recorded in 1928.〔Gleason, Ralph J. (15 February, 1959) ("Jazz Fan Really Digs the Language – All the Way Back to Its Origin" ). ''Toledo Blade''.〕 It appears again in a 1936 recording of "I'se a Muggin'" by Jack Teagarden.〔 A variation, "rebop", appears in several 1939 recordings.〔 The first known print appearance was also in 1939, but it was little-used subsequently until applied to the music now associated with it in the mid-1940s.〔
Some researchers speculate that it was a term used by Charlie Christian because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing.〔Jim Dawson and Steve Propes, ''What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record?'', 1992, ISBN 0-571-12939-0〕 Dizzy Gillespie stated that the audiences coined the name after hearing him scat the then-nameless tunes to his players and the press ultimately picked it up, using it as an official term: "People, when they'd wanna ask for those numbers and didn't know the name, would ask for bebop." Another theory is that it derives from the cry of "Arriba! Arriba!" used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands.〔Peter Gammond, ''The Oxford Companion to Popular Music'', 1991, ISBN 0-19-311323-6''〕 At times, the terms "bebop" and "rebop" were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of "bebop"/"rebop" as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, for instance Lionel Hampton's "Hey! Ba-Ba-Re-Bop".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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