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behavioralism
Behaviouralism (or behavioralism in the United States) is an approach in political science, which emerged in the 1930s in the United States. It represents a sharp break from previous political science. This is because it emphasized an objective, quantified approach to explain and predict political behavior.〔Guy, p. 58 says, "Behaviouralism emphasized the systematic understanding of all identifiable manifestations of political behaviour. But it also meant the application of rigorous scientific and statistical methods to standardize testing and to attempt value free inquiry of the world of politics... For the behaviouralist, the role of political science is primarily to gather and analyze facts as rigorously and objectively as possible."〕〔Petro, p. 6 says, "Behavioralists generally felt that politics should be studied much in the same way hard sciences are studied."〕 It is associated with the rise of the behavioral sciences, modeled after the natural sciences.〔Guy p 58 says, "The term behaviouralism was recognized as part of a larger scientific movement occurring simultaneously in ''all'' of the social sciences, now referred to as the behavioural sciences."〕 This means that behavioralism claims it can explain political behavior from an unbiased, neutral point of view.
Behavioralism seeks to examine the behavior, actions, and acts of ''individuals'' – rather than the characteristics of institutions such as legislatures, executives, and judiciaries – and groups in different social settings and explain this behavior as it relates to the political system.〔Walton, pp 1–2〕
==Origins==
From the 1940s through the 1970s, behavioralism gained support. It was the site of discussion between traditionalist and new emerging approaches to political science.〔Eulau, pp 1-3〕 The origins of behavioralism is often attributed to the work of University of Chicago professor Charles Merriam who in the 1920s and 1930s, emphasized the importance of examining political behavior of individuals and groups rather than only considering how they abide by legal or formal rules.〔Grigsby, p. 15〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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