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}} |official_languages = |languages_type = National language |languages = Belarusian |ethnic_groups = |demonym = Belarusian |capital = Minsk |latd=53 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=27 |longm=33 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = Presidential republic〔Wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of Belarus〕〔List of political parties in Belarus〕 |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Alexander Lukashenko |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Andrei Kobyakov |legislature = National Assembly |upper_house = Council of the Republic |lower_house = |sovereignty_type = Independence |sovereignty_note = from the Soviet Union |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = 27 July 1990 |established_event2 = Established |established_date2 = 25 August 1991 |established_event3 = Completed |established_date3 = 25 December 1991 |area_km2 = 207595 |area_sq_mi = 80155 |area_rank = 85th |percent_water = 1.4% () |population_census_rank = 87th |population_estimate = 9,481,000 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/current-data/demographic-situation-in-2014/ )〕 |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_density_km2 = 45.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 120.8 |population_density_rank = 142nd |GDP_PPP = $166.537 billion |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,859〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal = $62.020 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,583〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2011 |Gini_change = decrease |Gini = 26.5 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = increase |HDI = 0.786 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 53rd |Dependency Ratio_year = 2014 |Dependency Ratio = 20 |Dependency Ratio_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】work= Dependency ratio )〕 |currency = Belarusian ruble |currency_code = BYR |time_zone = FET |utc_offset = +3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +375 |cctld = |footnote_a = |footnote_b = |footnote_c = (【引用サイトリンク】title=Belarus ) }} Belarus ( ; (ベラルーシ語:Белару́сь), tr. ', ; ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Hrodna (Grodno), Homiel (Gomel), Mahilioŭ (Mogilev) and Vitsebsk (Vitebsk). Over 40% of its is forested. Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Contents )〕 Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People's Republic, succeeded by the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, which became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Byelorussian SSR). Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet war. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland and were finalized after World War II.〔 During World War II, Belarus was devastated, losing about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945, Belarus became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR. The parliament of the republic declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 1990, and during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus declared independence on 1991.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World Factbook )〕 Alexander Lukashenko has been the country's president since 1994. Lukashenko continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. Elections under Alexander Lukashenko have been widely criticized as being unfair, and according to many countries and organizations, political opposition has been violently suppressed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=28 December 2010 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=28 December 2010 )〕 In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, with some hints of forming a Union State. Belarus's Democracy Index rating continuously ranks the lowest in Europe, the country is labelled as "Not Free" by Freedom House, "Repressed" in the Index of Economic Freedom, and is rated as by far the worst country for press freedom in Europe in the 2013–14 Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, where Belarus is ranked 157th out of an overall total of 180 nations. Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49 million resides in urban areas. More than 80% of the population is ethnic Belarusian, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The second most popular, Roman Catholicism, has a much smaller following, although both Orthodox and Catholic versions of Christmas and Easter are celebrated as national holidays. Belarus is the only country in Europe that retains capital punishment in law and practice.〔()〕 ==Etymology== The name ''Belarus'' corresponds literally with the term ''White Rus'''. There are several claims to the origin of the name ''White Rus'.'' An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old Ruthenian lands within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had been populated mostly by early Christianized Slavs, as opposed to Black Ruthenia, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts.〔Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956.〕 An alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population.〔 A third theory suggests that the old Rus' lands that were not conquered by the Tatars (i.e., Polatsk, Vitsiebsk and Mahilyow) had been referred to as "white." Other sources claim that, before 1267, the land not conquered by the Mongols was considered "White Rus'."〔 The name Rus' is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, thus Belarus is often referred to as ''White Russia'' or ''White Ruthenia''. The name first appeared in German and Latin medieval literature; the chronicles of Jan of Czarnków mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila and his mother at "Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto" in 1381. In some languages, including German and Dutch, the country is generally called "White Russia" to this day (''Weißrussland'' and ''Wit-Rusland'' respectively). The Latin term "Alba Russia" was used again by Pope Pius VI to recognize the Society of Jesus there 1783, exclaiming "Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo." The first known use of ''White Russia'' to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey, who was known for his close contacts with the Russian Royal Court. During the 17th century, the Russian Tsars used "White Rus" to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The term ''Belorussia'' (; the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я, ''Russia'') first rose in the days of the Russian Empire, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as ''Russia'' or the ''Russian Empire'' was formed by three parts of Russia—the Great, Little, and White. This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the term White Russia caused some confusion as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks. During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term ''Byelorussia'' was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control, ''Byelorussia'' became commonly used in the regions of Białystok and Grodno during the interwar period. The term ''Byelorussia'' (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially until 1991, when the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called ''Republic of Belarus'' ("Республика Беларусь" spelled in Russian), as well its abridged form should be "Belarus". The law decreed that all the forms of the new term should be transliterated into other languages from their Belarusian language forms. The use of Byelorussian SSR and any abbreviations thereof were allowed from 1991 to 1993. Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the Constitution of Belarus. Accordingly, the name ''Byelorussia'' was replaced by ''Belarus'' in English and to some extent in Russian (although the traditional name persists in that language as well); likewise, the adjective ''Belorussian'' or ''Byelorussian'' was replaced by ''Belarusian'' in English (though Russian has not developed a new adjective). ''Belarusian'' is closer to the original Russian term of ''bielaruski''.〔 Belarusian intelligentsia in the Stalin era attempted to change the name from ''Byelorussia'' to a form of ''Krivia'' because of the supposed connection with Russia. Some nationalists also object to the name for the same reason. However, several local popular newspapers kept the old name of the country in Russian in their names, for example ''Komsomolskaya Pravda v Byelorussii'', which is the localized publication of a popular Russian newspaper. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use ''Belorussia''.〔 Officially, the full name of the country is "Republic of Belarus" (Рэспубліка Беларусь, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus ).〔 ==History== (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「belarus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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