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Bhagavān, (Sanskrit: , ) is an epithet for God, particularly for Krishna and other avatars of Vishnu in Vaishnavism, as well as for Shiva in the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism.〔James Lochtefeld (2000), "Bhagavan", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 94〕〔 In north India, ''Bhagavān'' also represents the concept of abstract God to Hindus who are religious but do not worship a specific deity.〔 The term ''Bhagavān'' does not appear in Vedas, nor in early or middle Upanishads.〔 The oldest Sanskrit texts use the term Brahman to represent an abstract Supreme Soul, Absolute Reality, while using names of deities like Krishna, Vishnu, Shiva to represent gods and goddesses. The term Ishvara appears in later Vedas and middle Upanishads where it is used to discuss spiritual concepts.〔Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionary, (Search for Izvara ), University of Cologne, Germany〕〔James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 306〕 The word ''Bhagavān'' is found in later era literature, such as the ''Bhagavad Gita'' and the ''Purana''s.〔Friedhelm Hardy (1990), The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415058155, pages 79-83〕 In Bhakti school literature, the term is typically used for any deity to whom prayers are offered; for example, Rama, Ganesha, Kartikeya, Krishna, Shiva or Vishnu. Often the deity is the devotee's one and only Bhagavan.〔 Bhagavan is male in Bhakti traditions, and the female equivalent of Bhagavān is Bhagavatī.〔Friedhelm Hardy (1990), The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415058155, page 84〕〔Sarah Caldwell (1998), Bhagavati, in Devi: Goddesses of India (Editors: John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814912, pages 195-198〕 To some Hindus the word Bhagavan is an abstract, genderless God concept. In Buddhism's Pali scriptures, the term is used with Gautama Buddha, referring to him as ''Bhagavān Buddha'' (translated with the phrase 'Lord Buddha' or 'The Blessed One') and ''Bhagavān Shakyamuni''.〔The latter term preferred by Bhikkhu Bodhi in his English translations of the Pali Canon〕〔Ju-Hyung Rhi (1994), (From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art ), Artibus Asiae, Vol. 54, No. 3/4, pages 207-225〕 The term ''Bhagavān'' is also found in other Theravada, Mahayana and Tantra Buddhist texts.〔〔 Bhagavān is generally translated as ''Lord'' or ''God''. In modern usage, ''Bhagavān'' is synonymous with ''Ishvara'', ''Devatā'', ''Hari'' or ''Prabhu'', in some schools of Hinduism.〔 Bhagavan is alternatively spelled as ''Bhagvān'', ''Bhagwan'' or ''Bhagawan''. The word is, in some sects, used as an honorific title for a spiritual leader considered fully enlightened by the sect. The word is also a proper noun and used as a first name for boys. ==Etymology and meaning== ''Bhagavān'' literally means "fortunate, blessed" (from the noun ', meaning "fortune, wealth", cognate to Slavic ' "god", Polish ''bogaty'' Serbo-Croatian ''bogat'', Russian '' (bogatyj)'' "wealthy"), and hence "illustrious, divine, venerable, holy", etc.〔(Macdonell Sanskrit-English dictionary )〕 The ''Vishnu Purana'' defines ''Bhagavān'' as follows, The same text defines Bhaga and provides the etymological roots as follows as translated by Wilson,〔 Bhagavan is related to the root ''Bhaj'' (भज्, "to revere, adore"), and implies someone "glorious, illustrious, revered, venerable, divine, holy (an epithet applied to gods, holy or respectable personages)". The root ''Bhaj'' also means "share with, partake of, aportion".〔(bhaj ), Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne〕〔Francis Clooney and Tony Stewart, in S Mittal and GR Thursby (Editors): The Hindu World, Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, pages 163-178〕 Clooney and Stewart state that this root, in Vaishnava traditions, implies Bhagavan as one perfect creator that a devotee seeks to partake from, share his place with, by living in god, in the way of god, the loving participation between the two being its own reward.〔 Buddha is referred to as Bhagavan in ancient and medieval Theravada, Mahayana and Tantra Buddhist texts, where it connotes, "Lord, Blessed One, Fortunate One".〔Peter Harvey, Buddhism, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-0826453501, page 4〕〔D Keown (2008), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192800626, page 31〕〔 In Tamil, ''Bhagavān'' (Tamil: பகவன்) can find its roots in ''Pagu'' (பகு) meaning - 'skim', ''Pagir'' (பகிர்) meaning - 'share', and hence one skims and clears ultimate, one who shares his own with creation is ''Bhagavān''. திருக்குறள் तिरुक्कुरल् Oldest available philosophic text roughly dated 2000 years begins with ஆதி பகவன்(ādi bhagavn)(आदि भगवान) (ādi bhagavn) as in அகர முதல எழுத்தெல்லாம் ஆதி பகவன் முதற்றே உலகு (अगर मुधल एज़ुथ्थेल्लम् आदि भगवन मुधत्त्रे उलगु) (''Agara mudhala ezhuththellaam ādi bhagavān mudhattre ulagu'') 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bhagavan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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