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Biathlon is a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. ==History== This sport has its origins in an exercise for Norwegian people, as an alternative training for the military. Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at mark while skiing at top speed, downhill race among trees, downhill race on big hills without falling, and a long race on flat ground while carrying rifle and military pack. In modern terminology these military contests included downhill, slalom, biathlon and cross-country skiing.〔Bergsland, Einar (1946): ''På ski.'' Oslo: Aschehoug.〕 One of the world's first known ski clubs, the Trysil Rifle and Ski Club, was formed in Norway in 1861 to promote national defense at the local level. 20th century variants include (ノルウェー語:Forsvarsrennet) (the military contest) - a 17 km cross-country race with shooting, and the military cross-country race at 30 km including marksmanship. Modern biathlon is a civilian variant of the old military combined exercise.〔Bø, Olav: ''Skiing throughout history'', translated by W. Edson Richmond. Oslo: Samlaget, 1993.〕 In Norway, biathlon was until 1984 a branch of ''Det frivillige Skyttervesen'', an organization set up by the government to promote civilian marksmanship in support of national defense. In Norwegian biathlon is called ''skiskyting'' (literally ''ski shooting'').〔''Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon'' (Encyclopedia of Sports), Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget, 1990〕 In Norway there are still separate contests in ''skifeltskyting'', a cross-country race at 12 km with large-caliber rifle shooting at various targets with unknown range.〔https://snl.no/skifeltskyting〕 Called military patrol, the combination of skiing and shooting was contested at the Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and then demonstrated in 1928, 1936, and 1948, but did not regain Olympic recognition then, as the small number of competing countries disagreed on the rules. During the mid-1950s, however, biathlon was introduced into the Soviet and Swedish winter sport circuits and was widely enjoyed by the public. This newfound popularity aided the effort of having biathlon gain entry into the Winter Olympics. The first Biathlon World Championship was held in 1958 in Austria, and in 1960 the sport was finally included in the Olympic Games.〔 At Albertville in 1992, women were first allowed in Olympic biathlon. The competitions from 1958 to 1965 used high-power centerfire cartridges, such as the .30-06 Springfield and the 7.62x51mm NATO, before the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge was standardized in 1978. The ammunition was carried in a belt worn around the competitor's waist. The sole event was the men's individual, encompassing four separate ranges and firing distances of , , , and . The target distance was reduced to with the addition of the relay in 1966. The shooting range was further reduced to in 1978 with the mechanical targets making their debut at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. ==Governing body== In 1948, the ''Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon'' (UIPMB) was founded, to standardise the rules for biathlon and modern pentathlon. In 1993, the biathlon branch of the UIPMB created the International Biathlon Union (IBU), which officially separated from the UIPMB in 1998. Presidents of the UIPMB/IBU: * 1947–1949: Tom Wiborn (Sweden) * 1949–1960: Gustaf Dyrssen (Sweden) * 1960–1988: Sven Thofelt, (Sweden) * 1988–1992: Igor Novikov (USSR/Russia) * Since 1992: Anders Besseberg (Norway) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biathlon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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