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In Islam, Bid‘ah ((アラビア語:بدعة)) refers to any innovations in religious matters. Linguistically the term means "innovation, novelty, heretical doctrine, heresy". In contrast to the English term "innovation", the word bid'ah in Arabic generally carries a negative connotation. One tradition holds that Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, told a companion to "avoid novelties, for every novelty is an innovation, and every innovation is an error”.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/040-sat.php )〕 Another more dire hadith holds, “Every bid’ah is a going astray and every going astray is in Hell-fire”.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.irfi.org/articles3/articles_4801_4900/bid'ah%20(with%20%20citations%20from%20the%20qur'an%20and%20hadith)html.htm )〕 In classical Arabic literature (adab), it has been used as a form of praise for outstanding compositions of prose and poetry. == In Sunni Islam == In early Islamic history, bid'ah referred primarily to heterodox doctrines (as evidenced below). However, in Islamic law, when used without qualification, bid'ah denotes any newly invented matter that is without precedent and is in opposition to the Qur'an and Sunnah. Islam Question and Answer (supervised by Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid), defines bid'ah as "anything that is not referred to specifically in Shariah, and for which there is no evidence (''daleel'') in the Qur'an or Sunnah, and which was not known at the time of the Prophet ... and his Companions."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://islamqa.info/en/864 )〕 It further elaborates that bid'ah suggests that Islam is not complete and perfect, has room for improvement or is otherwise lacking in some way.〔 Scholars (most prominent of which is Imam Shafi) generally have divided bid'ah into two types: innovations in worldly matters and innovations in religious matters.〔''Al-Qawaa'id wal-Usool al-Jaami'ah wal-Furooq wat-Taqaaseem al-Badee'ah an-Naafi'ah'' by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Naasir as-Sa'di〕 Some have additionally divided bid'ah into lawful and unlawful innovations, the details of which are discussed below. Introducing and acting upon a bid‘ah in religious matters is a sin and considered one of the enormities in Islam that is obligatory to immediately desist and repent from. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bid‘ah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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