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The Bignoniaceae, the bignonias, are a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.〔Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.〕 It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.〔Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Bignoniaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)〕 Nearly all of the Bignoniaceae are woody plants, but a few are subwoody, either as vines or subshrubs. A few more are herbaceous plants of high-elevation montane habitats, in three exclusively herbaceous genera: ''Tourrettia'', ''Argylia'', and ''Incarvillea''.〔Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 96(9):1731-1743. 〕 The family includes many lianas, climbing by tendrils, by twining, or rarely, by aerial roots. The largest tribe in the family, called Bignonieae, consists mostly of lianas and is noted for its unique wood anatomy.〔Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1〕 The family has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is mostly tropical, with a few species native to the temperate zones. Its greatest diversity is in northern South America.〔 The family has been covered in some major floristic projects, such as Flora of China, Flora Malesiana, and Flora Neotropica. It has not yet been covered in some others, such as Flora of Australia, and Flora of North America. Bignoniaceae are most noted for ornamentals, such as ''Jacaranda'', ''Tabebuia'' and ''Spathodea'', grown for their conspicuous, tubular flowers.〔George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. ISBN 978-1-58178-039-0〕 A great many species are known in cultivation.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕 Various other uses have been made of members of this family.〔Alwyn H. Gentry. 1980. "Bignoniaceae: Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae)". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph 25(1):1-130. 〕 Several species were of great importance to the indigenous peoples of the American tropics.〔Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 79(1):53-64.〕 ''Fridericia elegans'', ''Tanaecium bilabiata'', and ''Tanaecium excitosum'' are poisonous to livestock and have caused severe losses.〔 According to different accounts, the number of species in the family is about 810〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4〕 or about 860.〔 The last monograph of the entire family was published in 2004.〔 In that work, 104 genera were recognized. Since that time, molecular phylogenetic studies have greatly clarified relationships within the family, and the number of accepted genera is now between 80 and 85.〔Lúcia G. Lohmann and Carmen U. Ulloa. 2007 onward. Bignoniaceae in iPlants prototype Checklist. (See ''External links'' below).〕 == Genera == In the last taxonomic revision of Bignoniaceae, 104 genera were described in ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants''. Twenty-five of these genera, all in the tribe Bignonieae, were later synonymized under other genera, based on a cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, published in 2006.〔Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2006. "Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)". ''American Journal of Botany'' 93(2):304-318. 〕 ''Roseodendron'' and ''Handroanthus'' were resurrected from ''Tabebuia'' in 2007.〔Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Evolution of a Charismatic Neotropical Clade: Molecular Phylogeny of ''Tabebuia'' s.l., Crescentieae, and Allied Genera (Bignoniaceae)". ''Systematic Botany'' 32(3):650-659.〕〔Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus ''Tabebuia'' s.l. (Bignoniaceae)". ''Systematic Botany'' 32(3):660-670.〕 ''Mayodendron'' and ''Pachyptera'' have been recommended for resurrection, but no such action has been published in a peer-reviewed journal.〔 In 2009, a phylogenetic study divided Bignoniaceae into 10 monophyletic groups, as shown in the genus list below. Six of these groups have been recognized as tribes at one time or another, and are represented by their tribal names. Two of the groups are monogeneric and are designated by their constituent genera, ''Argylia'' and ''Delostoma''. The other two groups are given informal names, pending a formal revision of the infrafamilial classification. ''Astianthus'' has never been sampled for DNA and its systematic position within the family remains obscure. Likewise, the placement of ''Romeroa'' in the ''Tabebuia'' alliance and the placement of ''Sphingiphila'' in Bignonieae are in doubt. ''Tecomaria'' is not included in the list below, and its recognition is controversial. It is monospecific (''Tecomaria capensis''), and had been long accepted, but was returned to ''Tecoma'' in 1980.〔 A molecular phylogenetic study resolved it as sister to another South African genus, ''Podranea'', but with only weak bootstrap support.〔 ''Tecomaria'' has not yet been resurrected or transferred to another genus.〔 The tribe Bignonieae has been the subject of considerable revision since 2006. Fischer ''et al.'' placed 46 genera in this tribe.〔 Afterward, ''Perianthomega'' was transferred to it from Tecomeae ''sensu lato''〔 and ''Pachyptera'' was resurrected from ''Mansoa''. Twenty-five of the genera of Fischer have been subsumed into other genera as follows: ''Gardnerodoxa'' into ''Neojobertia''; ''Memora'' into ''Adenocalymma''; ''Leucocalantha'' into ''Pachyptera''; ''Pseudocatalpa, Paragonia, Periarrabidaea, Spathicalyx,'' and ''Ceratophytum'' into ''Tanaecium''; ''Arrabidaea'' and ''Piriadacus'' into ''Fridericia''; ''Clytostoma, Cydista, Macranthisiphon, Mussatia, Phryganocydia, Potamoganos, Roentgenia'' and ''Saritaea'' into ''Bignonia''; also ''Distictis, Glaziovia, Haplolophium,'' and ''Pithecoctenium'' into ''Amphilophium''. Thus, 23 genera are now recognized in Bignonieae.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bignoniaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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