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| type = State of India | image_skyline = 13.buddha bihar.JPG | image_caption = 80 Ft Gautam Buddha, Bodh Gaya, Bihar | image_seal = Seal of Bihar.svg | image_map = India Bihar locator map.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Bihar in India | image_map1 = Bihar locator map.svg | map_caption1 = Map of Bihar | latd = 25.37 | longd = 85.13 | coor_pinpoint = Patna | coordinates_type = region:IN-BR_type:adm1st | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = | coordinates_region = IN-BR | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = East India | established_title = Bihar Province | established_date = 1 April 1936 * 1764 to March 1912 : part of Bengal Presidency * 1912 to 1936 : part of Bihar and Orissa Province * 1 November 1956 : territory transferred to West Bengal state * 15 November 2000 : southern part ceded to create Jharkhand state | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = 38 | seat_type = Capital | seat = Patna | seat1_type = Largest city | seat1 = Patna | government_footnotes = | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Ram Nath Kovind | leader_title1 = Chief Minister | leader_name1 = Nitish Kumar | leader_title2 = Legislature | leader_name2 = Bicameral Legislative Council 75 Legislative Assembly 243 | leader_title3 = Parliamentary constituency | leader_name3 = 40 | leader_title4 = High Court | leader_name4 = Patna High Court | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 94,163 | area_note = | area_rank = 13th | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 103,804,637 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = 3rd | population_density_km2 = 1,102 | population_note = | population_demonym = Bihari | sex_ratio = 918 | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | iso_code = IN-BR | blank_name_sec1 = HDI | blank_info_sec1 = 0.367 (low) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | blank1_info_sec1 = 21st (2007-08) | blank_name_sec2 = Literacy | blank_info_sec2 = 63.4% (29th) 73.4% (male) 53.3% (female) | blank1_name_sec2 = Official language | blank1_info_sec2 = Hindi〔 | blank2_name_sec2 = Additional official language | blank2_info_sec2 = Urdu〔 | area_code_type = UN/LOCODE | area_code = INBR | registration_plate = BR | website = | footnotes = }} Bihar (; ) is a state in East India.〔 It is the 13th largest state, with an area of and the 3rd largest by population. It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is bifurcated by the river Ganges which flows from west to east.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm )〕 In 2000, southern Bihar was separated from Bihar to form the new state of Jharkhand.〔(Jharkhand ), Encyclopædia Britannica on-line〕 Close to 85% of the population lives in villages. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion of youngsters of the population of any state in India. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the State.〔〔 Other languages of the state are Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Bajjika, and Angika, of which only Maithili is recognized by the government of India.〔〔 Bihar was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India.〔''Bihar, Past & Present: souvenir, 13th Annual Congress of Epigraphica'' by P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute〕 From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism.〔Mishra Pankaj, ''The Problem'', Seminar 450 – February 1997〕 Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=Bihar Government )〕 Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged behind other Indian states in terms of its social and economic development. Economists and social scientists claimed that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the Freight equalization policy, its apathy towards Bihar,〔 lack of Bihari sub-nationalism (resulting in no spokesperson for the state),〔〔Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, (Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray ), India Today, 31 October 2008 〕 and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.〔 The state government has however made significant strides in developing the state. The improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a diminution in crime and corruption. ==Etymology== The name ''Bihar'' is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, ''Vihara'' (Devanagari: विहार), which means "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the ''Tabakat-i-Nasiri'' that in 1198 AD, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town now known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km away from Bodh Gaya.〔Minhaj writes that the inhabitants were 100,000 Brahmins.--''Bodh Gaya''; by Frederick M. Asher; p. 14〕〔Kartar Singh Duggal ''The Sikh Gurus: their lives and teachings''; p. 4; with shaven heads.〕 Later, Bakhtiyar learned that the town was a college, and the word for ''college'' is ''bihar''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bihar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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