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Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various contexts. The term refers to the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific situation.〔"Biological Performance of Materials", Jonathan Black,2006, ISBN 0-8493-3959-6〕 The ambiguity of the term reflects the ongoing development of insights into how biomaterials interact with the human body and eventually how those interactions determine the clinical success of a medical device (such as pacemaker, hip replacement or stent). Modern medical devices and prostheses are often made of more than one material so it might not always be sufficient to talk about the biocompatibility of a specific material.〔(''Considerations for the Biocompatibility Evaluation of Medical Devices'' ), Kammula and Morris, Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry, May 2001〕 Indeed, since the immune response and repair functions in the body are so complicated it is not adequate to describe the biocompatibility of a single material in relation to a single cell type or tissue. Sometimes one hears of biocompatibility testing that is a large battery of in vitro test〔(“In Vitro Biocompatibility Testing of Biomaterials and Medical Devices” ), U. Muller, Medical Device Technology, March 2008〕 that is used in accordance with ISO 10993 (or other similar standards) to determine if a certain material (or rather biomedical product) is biocompatible. These tests do not determine the biocompatibility of a material,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biocompatibility Safety Assessment of Medical Devices: FDA/ISO and Japanese Guidelines )〕 but they constitute an important step towards the animal testing and finally clinical trials that will determine the biocompatibility of the material in a given application, and thus medical devices such as implants or drug delivery devices. The word ''biocompatibility'' seems to have been mentioned for the first time in peer-review journals and meetings in 1970 by RJ Hegyeli (Amer Chem Soc Annual Meeting abstract) and CA Homsy et al. (J Macromol Sci Chem A4:3,615, 1970). It took almost two decades before it began to be commonly used in scientific literature (see the graph below). Recently Williams (again) has been trying to reevaluate the current knowledge status regarding what factors determine clinical success. Doing so notes that an implant may not always have to be positively bioactive but it must not do any harm (either locally or systemically) (Williams, 2008). ==Five definitions of biocompatibility== # "The quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on biological systems".〔''Dorland's Medical Dictionary''〕 # "The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application", Williams' definition.〔''The Williams dictionary of Biomaterials'', D.F. Williams, 1999, ISBN 0-85323-921-5〕 # "Comparison of the tissue response produced through the close association of the implanted candidate material to its implant site within the host animal to that tissue response recognised and established as suitable with control materials" - ASTM # "Refers to the ability of a biomaterial to perform its desired function with respect to a medical therapy, without eliciting any undesirable local or systemic effects in the recipient or beneficiary of that therapy, but generating the most appropriate beneficial cellular or tissue response in that specific situation, and optimising the clinically relevant performance of that therapy".〔("On the mechanisms of biocompatibility" ), David F. Williams, Biomaterials, Volume 29, Issue 20, July 2008, pages 2,941–2,953〕〔("Revisiting the definition of biocompatibility" ), D Williams, ''Medical Device Technology'' 14(8) October 2003〕 # "Biocompatibility is the capability of a prosthesis implanted in the body to exist in harmony with tissue without causing deleterious changes". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biocompatibility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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