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A Bioeffectors is a viable microorganism or active natural compounds which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (Biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production.〔(Minutes of the 6th International Symposium Plant Protection and Plant Health in Europe, May 2014 Braunschweig, Germany )〕 == Types == Bioeffectors have a direct or indirect effect on plant performance by influencing the functional implementation or activation of biological mechanisms, particularly those interfering with soil-plant-microbe interactions.〔V. Römheld, G. Neumann (2006): ''The Rhizosphere: Contributions of the soil-root interface to sustainable soil systems''. In: N. Uphoff, N., N. A. S. Ball et al. (Hg.), ''Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems'', S. 92–107, CRC-Press, Oxford, UK.〕 In contrast to conventional fertilizers and pesticides, the effectiveness of bioeffectors is not based on a substantial direct input of mineral plant nutrients, either in inorganic or organic forms. *Products in use are: * * Microbial residues, * * Composting and fermentation products, * * Plant and algae extracts *Bioeffector-preparations (''bio-agents'') as ready-formulated products are applied: * * with the purpose of stimulating plant growth (bio-stimulants), * * to improve plant nutrient acquisition (bio-fertilizers), * * to protect plants from pathogens and pests (bio-control agents) * * or generally to advance cropping efficiency; they can contain one or more bio-effectors along with other substances”〔Bakonyi N., Donath S., Weinmann M., Neumann G., Müller T., Römheld V. (2008): Assessing commercial bio-fertilisers for improved phoshorus availability. Use of rapid screening tests. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pflanzenernährung 2008 〕 *Well established bioeffectors with documented positive results in the field level are: * * Rhizobia strains for soil or seed inoculation as a prerequisite for symbiotic N2-fixation when establishing new legume species or varieties. * * positive effects of mycorrhiza inoculation for soils with a (temporarily) low potential for natural root mycorrhization. * * sufficient mycorrhization enhances nutrient (P) and water uptake and increases resistance to pathogenic fungi. *Further mechanisms for the positive impact of bioeffectors on plant growth have postulated, promising a high potential for resource preservation due to reduction of fertiliser and pesticide use: * * Active nutrient mobilisation by exudation of acids and carboxylates (e.g. P-mobilisation), * * exudation of micro-nutrient mobilising siderophores/chelates (e.g. Fe3+), * * reduction of trace elements from less soluble oxidised to highly soluble reduced forms (e.g. Fe3+ to Fe2+, Mn4+ to Mn2+), * * associative/non-symbiotic N2-fixation, protective antagonism to plant pathogens, * * enhancement of mycorrhizal infection and growth, and stimulating hormonal effects. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bioeffector」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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