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Biomedicine (i.e. ''Medical biology'') is a branch of medical science that applies biological and other natural-science principles to clinical practice. The branch especially applies to biology and physiology.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=biomedicine - The Free Dictionary )〕 Biomedicine also can relate to many other categories in health and biological related fields. It has been the dominant health system for more than a century.〔Medicine's paradigm shift: An opportunity for psychologyBy Dr. Suzanne Bennett Johnson, APA PresidentSeptember 2012, Vol 43, No. 8Print version: page 5, ()〕〔Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?BMJ 2004; 329, 09 December 2004, ()〕〔The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for BiomedicineAuthor(s): George L. EngelSource: Science, New Series, Vol. 196, No. 4286 (Apr. 8, 1977), pp. 129-136, ()〕〔Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care By Hilary Lloyd, Helen Hancock, Steven Campbell, p. 6, ()〕 It includes many biomedical disciplines and areas of specialty that typically contain the "bio-" prefix such as: * molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, cell biology, embryology, * nanobiotechnology, biological engineering, laboratory medical biology, * cytogenetics, genetics, gene therapy, * bioinformatics, biostatistics, systems biology, * microbiology, virology, parasitology, * physiology, pathology, * toxicology, and many others that generally concern life sciences as applied to medicine. Medical biology〔(Principles of Medical Biology )〕 is the cornerstone of modern health care and laboratory diagnostics. It concerns a wide range of scientific and technological approaches: from an in vitro diagnostics〔(In vitro diagnostics )〕〔(In vitro Diagnostics - EDMA )〕 to the in vitro fertilisation,〔(In vitro fertilization )〕 from the molecular mechanisms of a cystic fibrosis to the population dynamics of the HIV virus, from the understanding molecular interactions to the study of the carcinogenesis,〔(Molecular aspects of cancerogenesis )〕 from a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to the gene therapy. Medical biology based on molecular biology combines all issues of developing molecular medicine〔(Molecular medicine - magazine )〕 into large-scale structural and functional relationships of the human genome, transcriptome, proteome, physiome and metabolome with the particular point of view of devising new technologies for prediction, diagnosis and therapy 〔(Gene Therapy - New Challenges Ahead )〕 Biomedicine involves the study of (patho-) physiological processes with methods from biology and physiology. Approaches range from understanding molecular interactions to the study of the consequences at the in vivo level. These processes are studied with the particular point of view of devising new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.〔Monocolonal Antibodies to Migraine: Witnesses to Modern Biomediceine, An A-Z: Ed. E M Jones and E M Tansey. Publisher Queen mary University, University of London, 2014〕 Depending on the severity of the disease, biomedicine pinpoints a problem within a patient and fixes the problem through medical intervention. Medicine focuses on curing diseases rather than improving one's health. == Molecular Biology == Molecular biology is the a process of synthesis and regulation of a cell’s DNA, RNA, and protein. Molecular biology consists of different techniques including Polymerase chain reaction, Gel electrophoresis, and macromolecule blotting to manipulate DNA. Polymerase chain reaction is done by placing a mixture of the desired DNA, DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotide bases into a machine. The machine heats up and cools down at various temperatures to break the hydrogen bonds binding the DNA and allows the nucleotide bases to be added onto the two DNA templates after it has been separated. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to identify similar DNA between two unknown samples of DNA. This process is done by first preparing an agarose gel. This jelly-like sheet will have wells for DNA to be poured into. An electric current is applied so that the DNA, which is negatively charged due to its phosphate groups is attracted to the positive electrode. Different rows of DNA will move at different speeds because some DNA pieces are larger than others. Thus if two DNA samples show a similar pattern on the gel electrophoresis, one can tell that these DNA samples match. Macromolecule blotting is a process performed after gel electrophoresis. An alkaline solution is prepared in a container. A sponge is placed into the solution and an agaros gel is placed on top of the sponge. Next, nitrocellulose paper is placed on top of the agarose gel and a paper towels are added on top of the nitrocellulose paper to apply pressure. The alkaline solution is drawn upwards towards the paper towel. During this process, the DNA denatures in the alkaline solution and is carried upwards to the nitrocellulose paper. The paper is then placed into a plastic bag and filled with a solution full of the DNA fragments, called the probe, found in the desired sample of DNA. The probes anneal to the complimentary DNA of the bands already found on the nitrocellulose sample. Afterwards, probes are washed off and the only ones present are the ones that have annealed to complimentary DNA on the paper. Next the paper is stuck onto a x ray film. The radioactivity of the probes creates black bands on the film, called an autoradiograph. As a result, only similar patterns of DNA to that of the probe are present on the film. This allows us the compare similar DNA sequences of multiple DNA samples. The overall process results in a precise reading of similarities in both similar and different DNA sample. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biomedicine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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