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Biopesticides, a contraction of 'biological pesticides', include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships. The term has been associated historically with biological control - and by implication - the manipulation of living organisms. Regulatory positions can be influenced by public perceptions, thus: * in the EU, biopesticides have been defined as "a form of pesticide based on micro-organisms or natural products".〔(Encouraging innovation in biopesticide development. ) European Commission (2008). Accessed on 20 April 2012]〕 * the US EPA states that they "include naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and pesticidal substances produced by plants containing added genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants) or PIPs".〔( Regulating Biopesticides ). Environmental Protection Agency of the USA (2012). Accessed on 20 April 2012〕 They are typically created by growing and concentrating naturally occurring organisms and/or their metabolites including bacteria and other microbes, fungi, nematodes, proteins, ''etc''. They are often considered to be important components of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, and have received much practical attention as substitutes to synthetic chemical plant protection products (PPPs). ''The Manual of Biocontrol Agents'' (2009: formerly the ''Biopesticide Manual'') gives a review of the available biological insecticide (and other biology-based control) products. == Types == Biopesticides fall into three major classes: * Microbial pesticides which consist of bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi or viruses (and sometimes includes the metabolites that bacteria or fungi produce). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also often classed as microbial pesticides, even though they are multi-cellular.〔Francis Borgio J, Sahayaraj K and Alper Susurluk I (eds) . Microbial Insecticides: Principles and Applications, Nova Publishers, USA. 492pp. ISBN 978-1-61209-223-2〕 * Biochemical pesticides or herbal pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control (or monitor in the case of pheromones) pests and microbial diseases. * Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) have genetic material from other species incorporated into their genetic material (''i.e.'' GM crops). Their use is controversial, especially in many European countries.〔National Pesticide Information Center Last updated November 21, 2013 (Plant Incorporated Protectants (PIPs) / Genetically Modified Plants )〕 * RNAi pesticides, some of which are topical and some of which are absorbed by the crop. Biopesticides have usually no known function in photosynthesis, growth or other basic aspects of plant physiology; however, their biological activity against insect pests, nematodes, fungi and other organisms is well documented. Every plant species has developed a built-in unique chemical complex structure that protects it from pests. The plant kingdom offers a diverse array of complex chemical structures and almost every imaginable biological activity. These biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives are used especially under organic farming systems.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biopesticide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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