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bioturbation
Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants.〔http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(06)00243-6〕 Its effects include changing texture of sediments (diagenetic), bioirrigation and displacement of microorganisms and non-living particles. Common bioturbators include annelids ("ringed worms") such as oligochaetes and Spirobranchus giganteus, bivalves like mussels, clams, gastropods, holothurians, or any other infaunal or epifaunal organisms. Faunal activities, such as burrowing, ingestion and defecation of sediment grains, construction and maintenance of galleries, and infilling of abandoned dwellings, displace sediment grains and mix the sediment matrix.
==Aquatic Bioturbation==
The process leads to an increase in sediment-water interface, which facilitates particle exchange between the sediment and water column. In coral reefs sea cucumbers are one of the important bioturbators, capable of reworking approximately 4600 kg(dry weight) of sediment 1000 m² per year.〔http://www.mendeley.com/research/serial-exploitation-global-sea-cucumber-fisheries/〕
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