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Birching is a corporal punishment with a birch rod, typically applied to the recipient's bare buttocks, although occasionally to the back and/or shoulders. ==Implement== A birch rod (often shortened to "birch") is a bundle of leafless twigs bound together to form an implement for administering corporal punishment. Contrary to what the name suggests, a birch rod is not a single rod and is not necessarily made from birch twigs, but can also be made from various other strong and smooth branches of trees or shrubs, such as willow.〔In the Australian state of Victoria, birches for the judicial punishment of juvenile offenders were made of "willow withes soaked in water". Benson, G. ''Flogging: The Law and Practice in England'', Howard League for Penal Reform, London, 1937, Appendix I: The Law and Practice of Other Countries. 〕 A ''hazel rod'' is particularly painful; a bundle of four or five hazel twigs was used in the 1960s and 1970s on the Isle of Man, the last jurisdiction in Europe to use birching as a judicial penalty.〔Such a birch is illustrated in ("Birching - The Facts" ), ''Isle of Man Courier'', Ramsey, 17 March 1972.〕 Another factor in the severity of a birch rod is its size - i.e. its length, weight and number of branches. In some penal institutions, several versions were in use, which were often given names. For example, in Dartmoor Prison the device used to punish male offenders above the age of 16 - weighing some , and long - was known as the ''senior birch''. There have been differing opinions as to the utility of soaking the birch in liquid before use, but as it takes in water the weight is certainly increased without compensatory air resistance, so the impact must be greater if the applicant can use sufficient force. Traditionally, birches were soaked in brine before use, which greatly increased the weight, flexibility and strength of the twigs, making the punishment more severe both in terms of pain, and in terms of damage to the victim's flesh in the form of cuts and weals. Because of its antiseptic properties, the brine also helped prevent infection developing in the wounds following the punishment. In the 1860s the Royal Navy abandoned the use of the cat o' nine tails on boy seamen. The cat had acquired a nasty reputation because of its use in prisons, and was replaced by the birch, with which the wealthy classes were more familiar, having been chastised with it during their schooling.〔("Kissing the Gunner's Daughter", Part II - The Ryder Reforms ) at World Corporal Punishment Research.〕 Around the same time, the civilian courts system followed the Navy's example and switched to birches for the judicial corporal punishment of boys and young men, where previously a whip or cat had been used. In an attempt to standardise the Navy's birches, the Admiralty had specimens called ''patterned birch'' (as well as a ''patterned cane''), kept in every major dockyard, for birches had to be procured on land in quantities, suggesting some were worn out on the bottoms of miscreant boys. The term judicial birch generally refers to the severe type in use for court-ordered birchings, especially the Manx hazel birch. A 1951 memorandum (possibly confirming earlier practice) ordered all UK male prisons to use only birches (and cats-o'-nine-tails) from a national stock at south London's Wandsworth prison, where they were to be 'thoroughly' tested before being supplied in triplicate to a prison whenever required for use as prison discipline.〔(Prison Commission Memorandum, 20 July 1951 ), PRO HO 323/13.〕 By contrast, terms like "''Eton birch''" are used for a school birch made from smaller birch tree twigs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「birching」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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