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Birdwatching, or birding, is a form of wildlife observation in which the observation of birds is a recreational activity. It can be done with the naked eye, through a visual enhancement device like binoculars and telescopes, or by listening for bird sounds. Birdwatching often involves a significant auditory component, as many bird species are more easily detected and identified by ear than by eye. Most birdwatchers pursue this activity for recreational or social reasons, unlike ornithologists, who engage in the study of birds using formal scientific methods. ==Birding, birdwatching, and twitching== The first recorded use of the term ''birdwatcher'' was in 1891; ''bird'' was introduced as a verb in 1918.〔Merriam Webster http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/birding〕 The term ''birding'' was also used for the practice of ''fowling'' or hunting with firearms as in Shakespeare's ''The Merry Wives of Windsor'' (1602): "She laments sir... her husband goes this morning a-birding."〔Moss 2004:33〕 The terms ''birding'' and ''birdwatching'' are today used by some interchangeably, although some participants prefer ''birding'', partly because it does not exclude the auditory aspects of enjoying birds. In North America, many birders differentiate themselves from birdwatchers, and the term ''birder'' is unknown to most lay people. At the most basic level, the distinction is perceived as one of dedication or intensity, though this is a subjective differentiation. Generally, self-described birders perceive themselves to be more versed in minutiae like identification (aural and visual), molt, distribution, migration timing, and habitat usage. Whereas these dedicated ''birders'' may often travel specifically in search of birds, ''birdwatchers'' have been described by some enthusiasts as having a more limited scope, perhaps not venturing far from their own yards or local parks to view birds. Indeed, in 1969 a ''Birding Glossary'' appeared in ''Birding'' magazine which gave the following definitions: ''Twitching'' is a British term used to mean "the pursuit of a previously located rare bird." In North America it is more often called ''chasing'', though the British usage is starting to catch on there, especially among younger birders. The term ''twitcher'', sometimes misapplied as a synonym for birder, is reserved for those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would then be ''ticked'', or counted on a list.〔 The term originated in the 1950s, when it was used for the nervous behaviour of Howard Medhurst, a British birdwatcher. Prior terms for those who chased rarities were ''pot-hunter'', ''tally-hunter'', or ''tick-hunter''. The main goal of twitching is often to accumulate species on one's lists. Some birders engage in competition to accumulate the longest species list. The act of the pursuit itself is referred to as a ''twitch'' or a ''chase''. A rare bird that stays put long enough for people to see it is ''twitchable'' or ''chaseable''.〔〔 Twitching is highly developed in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Finland and Sweden. The size of these countries makes it possible to travel throughout them quickly and with relative ease. The most popular twitches in the UK have drawn large crowds; for example, a group of approximately 2,500 people travelled to Kent, England, to view a golden-winged warbler (''Vermivora chrysoptera''), which is native to North America. Twitchers have developed their own vocabulary. For example, a twitcher who fails to see a rare bird has ''dipped out''; if other twitchers do see the bird, he may feel ''gripped off''. ''Suppression'' is the act of concealing news of a rare bird from other twitchers.〔 Many birdwatchers maintain a ''life list'', that is, a list of all of the species they have seen in their life, usually with details about the sighting such as date and location. The American Birding Association has specific rules about how a bird species may be documented and recorded in such a list if it is submitted to the ABA; however, the criteria for the personal recording of these lists are very subjective. Some birdwatchers "count" species they have identified audibly, while others only record species that they have identified visually. Some also maintain a ''country list'', ''state list'', ''county list'', ''yard list'', ''year list'', or any combination of these. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「birdwatching」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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