|
Biritch (birich, biryuch (ロシア語:бирич, бирюч)) in Ancient Rus was a herald, an announcer of the will of a ''knyaz'', sometimes kniaz's deputy in police or diplomatic affairs, or tax collector. A birich travelled to settlements, played bugle or horn in the center of a town square or yard to gather people and read the announcement. The word is thought to be derived from a Turkic word for "bugler", "hornist" (in modern Turkish: ''borucu'', ''borazancı''). Other hypotheses try to base the meanings on interpretations of the root ''bir-'', meaning "to take" in Slavic languages, deriving the meaning "tax collector". Birich is mentioned in East Slavic manuscripts since the 10th century and until the end of the 17th century.〔Richard L. Frey, Alan F. Truscott, Amalya Kearse ''The official encyclopedia of bridge'' pg. 178 Crown (1988) ISBN 0-12-240761-X〕 The Laurentian Codex mentions under the year of 992 that knyaz Vladimir of Kiev, when looking for a volunteer to fight a Pecheneg ''baghatur'' have sent a ''birich'' in regiments. Later tsars of Muscovy announced various ''ukases'' via biriches. Heads of the Church also used biriches to announce their decrees. A birich was supposed to make an announcement in market place, not once but many times, sometimes during several months. Later other administrators (''namestniks'', ''voyevodas'', etc.) had biriches in their staff, as mentioned in payrolls. The word "biritch" is the name of a 19th-century card game. It is said to have originated in Russia, but satisfactory evidence of this has not been discovered. It is considered to be a precursor of contract bridge. ==See also== *Russian whist 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biritch」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|