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blackmail
Blackmail is an act, often a crime, involving unjustified threats to make a gain or cause loss to another unless a demand is met. Essentially, it is coercion involving threats of physical harm, threat of criminal prosecution, or threats for the purposes of taking the person's money or property.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Merriam-Webster )〕〔Griew, Edward. ''The Theft Acts 1968 & 1978'', Sweet & Maxwell: London. Fifth Edition, paperback, ISBN 0-421-35310-4, paragraph 12-01 at page 183〕 It is the name of a statutory offence in the United States of America, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Victoria, Australia, and has been used as a convenient way of referring to other offences, but was not a term of art in English law before 1968.〔 It originally meant payments rendered by settlers in the Counties of England bordering Scotland to chieftains and the like in the Scottish Lowlands, in exchange for protection from Scottish thieves and marauders into England.〔〔
Blackmail may also be considered a form of extortion.〔 Although the two are generally synonymous, extortion is the taking of personal property by threat of future harm. Blackmail is the use of threats to prevent another from engaging in a lawful occupation and writing libelous letters or letters that provoke a breach of the peace, as well as use of intimidation for purposes of collecting an unpaid debt.〔 Some US states distinguish the offenses by requiring that blackmail be in writing.〔 In some jurisdictions, the offence of blackmail is often carried out during the act of robbery. This occurs when an offender makes a threat of immediate violence towards someone in order to make a gain as part of a theft. For example, the threat of "Your money, or your life!" is an unlawful threat of violence in order to gain property.
==Etymology==
The word is variously derived from the word for tribute (in modern terms, protection racket) paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to Border Reivers in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. The "mail" part of blackmail derives from Middle English ''male'', "rent, tribute."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Difference Between Extortion and Blackmail )〕 This tribute was paid in goods or labour (''reditus nigri'', or "blackmail"); the opposite is ''blanche firmes'' or ''reditus albi'', or "white rent" (denoting payment by silver). Alternatively, Mckay derives it from two Scottish Gaelic words ''blathaich'' pronounced (the th silent) bla-ich (to protect) and ''mal'' (tribute, payment). He notes that the practice was common in the Highlands of Scotland as well as the Borders.〔Charles Mckay, ''Dictionary of Lowland Scots'', 1888 (archive.org)〕 In Irish Gaelic, the term ''cíos dubh'', meaning "black-rent" has also been employed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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