|
Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of Hispanic America, especially Venezuela. Bolivarianism is named after Simón Bolívar, the 19th century Venezuelan general and liberator who led the struggle for independence throughout much of Hispanic America. ==Bolivarianism of Hugo Chávez== In recent years, Bolivarianism's most significant political manifestation was in the government of Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez, who from the beginning of his presidency called himself a Bolivarian patriot and applied his interpretation of several of Bolívar's ideals to everyday affairs, as part of the Bolivarian Revolution. That included the 1999 Constitution, which changed Venezuela's name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and other ideas such as the Bolivarian Schools, Bolivarian Circles, and the ''Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela''. Often, the term ''Bolivarianism'' is used specifically to refer to Chávez's rule. The central points of Bolivarianism, as extolled by Chávez, are: *South American economic and political sovereignty (anti-imperialism) *Grassroots political participation of the population via popular votes and referendums (Participative democracy) *Economic self-sufficiency (in food, consumer durables, etc.) *Instilling in people a national ethic of patriotic service *Equitable distribution of (South America's) vast natural resources *Eliminating corruption Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Simón Bolívar's ideals, was also drawn from the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Chávez was also influenced by the Hispanic American tradition of cooperativism early in his life, such as that practiced by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Salvador Allende. Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Although Chávez himself referred to his ideology as ''Bolivarianismo'' ("Bolivarianism"), Chávez's supporters and opponents in Venezuela refer to themselves as being either for or against "''chavismo''". Chávez supporters refer to themselves as "''chavistas''". Later in his life, Chávez would acknowledge the role that democratic socialism (a form of socialism that calls for democratic institutions in the economy) plays in Bolivarianism.Chávez declared his support for democratic socialism as integral to Bolivarianism, proclaiming that humanity must embrace "a new type of socialism, a humanist one, which puts humans, and not machines or the state, ahead of everything".〔Sojo, Cleto A. (''Venezuela Analysis'', 31 Jan 2005). ("Venezuela’s Chávez Closes World Social Forum with Call to Transcend Capitalism" ). Retrieved 20 Oct 2005.〕 He later reiterated this sentiment in a 26 February speech at the 4th Summit on Social Debt held in Caracas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bolivarianism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|