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Brandjacking is an activity whereby someone acquires or otherwise assumes the online identity of another entity for the purposes of acquiring that person's or business's brand equity. The term combines the notions of 'branding' and 'hijacking', and has been used since at least 2007 when it appeared in ''Business Week'' referencing the term used in a publication by the firm MarkMonitor (MarkMonitor and its PR firm, the Zeno Group, coined the phrase; MarkMonitor registered the trademark, BrandJacking Index®, but left brandjacking as a term for use in the public domain). The tactic is often associated with use of individual and corporate identities on social media or Web 2.0 sites, as described in Quentin Langley's 2014 book ''Brandjack'', and may be used alongside more conventional (offline) campaign activities. While similar to cybersquatting, identity theft or phishing in nature and in possible tactics, brandjacking is usually particular to a politician, celebrity or business and more indirect in its nature. A brandjacker may attempt to use the reputation of its target for selfish reasons or seek to damage the reputation of its target for hostile,〔 Waddington, quoting Quentin Langley's ''(Brandjack News )'', describes brandjacking as "the ability for an individual to criticise and publicly shame a company ... () the brand in a hostile relationship with the consumer."〕 malicious or for political or campaigning reasons. These reasons may not be directly financial, but the effects on the original brand-holder may often include financial loss - for example, negative publicity may result in the termination of a celebrity's sponsorship deal, or, for a corporation, potentially lead to lost sales or a reduced share price. ==Brandjacking examples== * Coca Cola - in 2013, a commercial, "The Bitter Taste of Sugar", for Oxfam (Oxfam Novib Netherlands) parodied a Coca Cola Zero commercial, drawing attention to its unsustainable business practices.〔(De bittere nasmaak van suiker ) Accessed: 7 April 2014.〕 * Starbucks - in 2006, a YouTube-hosted video presented a spoof advert for a Starbucks Frappuccino underlining the contrast between consumption and poverty. * Nestle - in March 2010, Greenpeace campaigners used a YouTube video that parodied Nestlé's KitKat 'Take a Break' advertising, to draw attention to the multinational's use of palm oil from unsustainable operations in Indonesia and the consequent impact on orang-utan habitats.〔Dunlevy, Gabrielle (18 March 2010), Gory Greenpeace KitKat video goes viral, ''Daily Telegraph'' - http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/gory-greenpeace-kitkat-video-goes-viral/story-e6freuy9-1225842479332〕 Protesters outside Nestlé's UK head office in Croydon carried signs with the words 'Give me a break' and 'Killer' printed in the distinctive red and white Gill Sans.〔Nestlé faces KitKat boycott over links to 'palm oil killing orangutans' claim (18 March 2010), ''Metro'' - http://www.metro.co.uk/news/818000-nestle-faces-kitkat-boycott-over-links-to-palm-oil-killing-orangutans-claim〕 * Exxon Mobil - in 2008, a Twitter account (@ExxonMobilCorp) was set up purporting to be the views of an official spokesperson for the oil company, only for it later to be exposed as fake.〔Fowler, Tom (2008), Exxon Mobil says it's not behind 'its' Twitter account, ''Houston Chronicle'' - http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/chronicle/5920513.html〕 * Also on Twitter, @BPglobalPR is not an official voice for BP, but a satirical account that has grown in popularity during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, attracting more followers than the official BP Twitter account.〔BP’s Global PR vs. BPGlobalPR (2010) ''Newsweek'' - http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/04/bp-s-global-pr-vs-bpglobalpr.html〕 * Politicians - fake Facebook pages were created for US President Barack Obama〔Tapper, Jake (2008), Barack Obama's Fake Facebook Page (Courtesy of the RNC), ABC News - http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/07/barack-obamas-f.html〕 and US Republican governor Sarah Palin〔Sarah Palin's Facebook Alter-Ego Gets Found Out (29 August 2009) ''Wall Street Journal'' - http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2009/08/13/sarah-palins-facebook-alter-ego-gets-found-out/〕 (among other politicians). Major corporations have also been the subject of brandjack-based protests on Facebook. * Fake blogs - may be considered a form of brandjacking if created by a critic or opponent of the person or brand supposed to be behind the blog. * Affiliate Brand Bidding - This is a tactic used by some affiliate marketers. Some consider such tactics unethical or Black Hat. The method is to bid on keywords related to your site / product, but to do so seemingly as a competitor.〔Weiman, Lori (June 23, 2010), Watch Out For These Unsavory Affiliate Tactics, Search Engine Land - http://searchengineland.com/watch-out-for-these-unsavory-affiliate-tactics-44692〕 *Colleges and Universities - In 2008, college guidebook company College Prowler created hundreds of Facebook groups purporting to consist of actual incoming first-year students of various universities in order to surreptitiously gather their personal data and promote the business.〔(Company Created Official-Looking 'Class of 2013' Facebook Groups for Hundreds of Colleges ) - (Chronicle of Higher Education )〕 *In June 2011, Greenpeace activists launched a campaign against Mattel's use of a packaging supplier, APP, said to be desecrating Indonesian rainforests, using images of Mattel dolls Barbie and Ken. A Greenpeace video showed Ken dumping Barbie ("I don't date girls who are into deforestation"), the group created a mock Twitter feud and a stunt involving Barbie in a pink bulldozer, and unfurled a banner on the wall of Mattel’s Los Angeles headquarters;〔Langley (2014), pp.183-185〕 some 500,000 people sent protest emails to Mattel. In October 2011, Mattel announced a global policy to keep rainforest destruction out of its supply chains. ''Brandjack'' author Quentin Langley praised Greenpeace for its integration of online (YouTube, Twitter) and offline (stunts, etc).〔Langley (2014), p.185〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「brandjacking」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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