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brayer
A brayer is a hand-tool used historically in printing and printmaking to break up and "rub out" (spread) ink before it was "beaten" using inking balls or composition rollers. The word is derived from the verb to "bray", meaning "to break, pound, or grind small, as in a mortar".〔''The Chambers dictionary'' (Edinburgh: Chambers, 1993), p. 203.〕 A brayer consists of a short wooden cylinder with a handle fitted to one end; the other, flat end is used to rub the ink.〔William Savage, ''Dictionary of the art of printing'' (London: Longman etc., 1841), p. 91,〕 In the late nineteenth century the term was mis-applied in the United States to a small hand-roller, "used for spreading ink on the inking table, and for applying it to the distributing plates or rollers connected with presses".〔J. L. Ringwalt, ''American encyclopaedia of printing'' (Philadelphia: Menamin & Ringwalt, 1871), p. 85.〕 Such small rollers were sold as "brayers" from at least 1912〔The American Type Founders specimen of this year lists both hand-rollers (large) and brayers (small).〕 and later in the century the term was applied in the U.S.A. to hand-rollers of all sorts and sizes. It retains its original meaning in Europe.
==Materials==
True brayers were generally made of wood (though Southward refers to their being made of "wood or glass").〔John Southward, ''Practical printing'' (4th edition by Arthur Powell. London: "Printer's Register" Office, 1892), page 370.〕 Later, rollers could be made of composition, vulcanized rubber, sponge, acrylic, polyurethane or leather. They are formed around a shaft or core and often attached to a wooden handle. Some rollers have an all-metal support, while larger examples may have two handles to allow for two-handed use (to allow the heavy roller to be controlled and in some cases to apply additional pressure).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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