|
Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of bricks—called ''courses''—〔Joseph Moxon. Mechanick Exercises: Or, The Doctrine of Handy-Works. Applied to the Arts of Smithing, Joinery, Carpentry, Turning, Bricklayery. Printed for Daniel Midwinter and Thomas Leigh. 1703. London. Page 129. "Three or four or five course of Bricks to be laid."〕〔Nicholson. "By a ''Course'', in walling, is meant the bricks contained between two planes parallel to the horizon, and terminated by the faces of the wall. The thickness is that of one brick with mortar. The mass formed by bricks laid in concentric order, for arches or vaults, is also denominated a ''Course''."〕 are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall. Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found right back through history as far as the Bronze Age. The fired-brick faces of the ziggurat of ancient Dur-Kurigalzu in Iraq date from around 1400 BC, and the brick buildings of ancient Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan were built around 2600 BC. Much older examples of brickwork made with dried (but not fired) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in the West Bank, Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia, and Mehrgarh in Pakistan. These structures have survived from the Stone Age to the present day. Parts of brickwork include ''bricks'', ''beds'' and ''perpends''. The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid.〔Nicholson, p. 166. "BED.—The under-surface of bricks when laid in any kind of work."〕 A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually—but not always—filled with mortar.〔Reports of artisans selected by a committee appointed by the council of the Society of Arts to visit the Paris Universal exhibition, 1867. Published for the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Published by Bell and Daldy, York Street, Covent Garden, London. Printed by W. Trounce, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1867. Part 1. Bricklaying by George Howell. Page 194. "The beauty of brickwork will very much depend upon the 'perpends' being perfectly kept, that is, the prefect regularity of the perpendicular joints right up the building."〕 The dimensions of these parts are, in general, co-ordinated so that two bricks laid side by side separated only by the width of a perpend have a total width identical to the length of a single brick laid transversely on top of them. An example of a co-ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows:〔Brunskill, p. 39. "British Standard 3921 of 1969, gave dimensions of 215 mm by 102.5 mm by 65 mm ()."〕〔British Standards Institution. Specification for Masonry Units. Part 1: Clay Masonry Units. BSI, London, 2003, BS EN 771.〕〔The Compressive Strength of Modern Earth Masonry, Andrew Heath, Mike Lawrence, Peter Walker and Clyde Fourie. BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath and Natural Building Technologies (NBT). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT 2009). 6–9 September 2009, Bath, UK. "All earth masonry units were intended to be 'standard' brick size (215x102.5x65mm) if they were fired, but because they did not have additional shrinkage from firing, the average size was 223x106x67mm."〕 * Bricks of dimensions 215 mm x 102.5 mm × 65 mm; * Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm. In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the total width of two bricks (102.5 mm + 102.5 mm = 205 mm) plus a perpend of mortar (10 mm) is equal to the length of a single brick (215 mm). There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle. ==Orientation== A brick is given a classification based on how it is laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall. ;Stretcher: A brick laid with its long narrow side exposed.〔John Houghton. A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade. 1693. Issue 74. Published by Randal Taylor near Stationers-Hall. London. "A Brick-wall of a Foot and half thick is commonly made by ''Stretchers'' and ''Headers'', that is, by laying on the out-side one Brick, so as to have the narrowest side of it to be seen longways, and the next to have only the end seen, and the Brick lying on the broad side, and so on, a Stretcher and a Header."〕 ;Header: A brick laid flat with its width at the face of the wall, or parallel to the face of the wall.〔 ;Soldier: A brick laid vertically with the long narrow side of the brick exposed.〔Whitney Clark Huntington. Building Construction. Types of Construction, Materials, and Cost Estimating. New York: Wiley. London: Chapman & Hall. 1929. Page 130. "Belt courses and flat arches may be formed of brick() set on end with the narrow side exposed. Such bricks are called soldiers."〕 ;Sailor: A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed.〔Sovinski, p. 43. "Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called ''stretcher'', ''header'', ''rowlock stretcher'', and ''rowlock''. A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a ''shiner''. The two corresponding vertical orientations are the ''soldier'' and ''sailor'' positions."〕 ;Rowlock: A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed.〔Samuel Y. Harris. Building Pathology. Wiley. New York. 2001. Page 212. "The short face, or the end laid horizontally, is a header; laid vertically, a rowlock."〕 ;Shiner: A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed. Also known as a Rowlock Stretcher.〔Sovinski, p. 43. "Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called ''stretcher'', ''header'', ''rowlock stretcher'', and ''rowlock''. A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a ''shiner''."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「brickwork」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|