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brochosome
Brochosomes are intricately structured microscopic granules secreted by leafhoppers (the family Cicadellidae of the insect order Hemiptera) and typically found on their body surface and, more rarely, eggs. Brochosomes were first described in 1952 with the aid of an electron microscope.〔Tulloch G.S., Shapiro J.E. & Cochran G.W. (1952) The occurrence of ultramicroscopic bodies with leafhoppers and mosquitoes. ''Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society'' 47: 41-42.〕〔Day M.F. & M. Briggs (1958) The origin and structure of brochosomes. ''Journal of Ultrastructural Research'' 2: 239-244. PMID 13631751〕 These particles have also been found in samples of air〔Wittmaack K. (2005) Brochosomes produced by leafhoppers - a widely unknown, yet highly abundant species of bioaerosols in ambient air. ''Atmospheric Environment'' 39: 1173-1180.〕 and can easily contaminate foreign objects, which explains erroneous reports of brochosomes on other insects〔Rakitov R.A. (2011) (Contamination as the cause of erroneous records of brochosomes. ) ''Psyche: A Journal of Entomology '' 2011, Article ID 767963, .〕
==Structure and composition==
The name, derived from the Greek words ''βρóχoς'' (mesh of a net) and ''σωμα'' (body), refers to the characteristic reticulated surface of the granules. Most species of leafhoppers produce hollow spherical brochosomes, 0.2–0.7 micrometres in diameter, with a honeycombed outer wall. The latter often comprises 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal cells, making the outline of each brochosome approximating a truncated icosahedron – the geometry of a soccer ball and a C60 buckminsterfullerene molecule. The chemical composition of brochosomes includes proteins and, according to some studies, lipids.〔Smith D.S. & Littau V.G. (1960) Cellular specialization in the excretory epithelia of an insect, ''Macrosteles fascifrons'' Stål (Homoptera). ''Journal of Cell Biology'' 8: 103-133.〕〔Gouranton J. & Maillet P.L. (1967) Origine et structure des brochosomes. ''Journal de Microscopie'' 6: 53-64.〕
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