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buddhavacana
Buddhavacana, from Pali and Sanskrit, means "the Word of the Buddha." It refers to the works accepted within a tradition as being the teachings of the Buddha. All traditions recognize certain texts as buddhavacana which make no claim to being the actual words of the historical Buddha, such as the ''Theragāthā'' and ''Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra''.
==In Indian Buddhism==
According to Donald Lopez, criteria for determining what should be considered buddhavacana was developed at an early stage, and that the early formulations do not suggest that the Dharma is limited to what was spoken by the historical Buddha.〔Lopez, Donald. ''Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.'' 1998. p. 28〕 The Mahāsāṃghika and the Mūlasarvāstivāda considered both the Buddha's discourses, as well those of the Buddha's disciples, to be buddhavacana.〔Lopez, Donald. ''Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.'' 1998. p. 28〕
A number of different beings such as buddhas, disciples of the buddha, ṛṣis, and devas were considered capable to transmitting buddhavacana.〔Lopez, Donald. ''Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.'' 1998. p. 28〕 The content of such a discourse was then to be collated with the sūtras, compared with the Vinaya, and evaluated against the nature of the Dharma.〔Lopez, Donald. ''Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.'' 1998. p. 29〕〔Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise History of Buddhism.'' 2004. p. 83〕 These texts may then be certified as true buddhavacana by a buddha, a saṃgha, a small group of elders, or one knowledgeable elder.〔Lopez, Donald. ''Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.'' 1998. p. 29〕〔Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise History of Buddhism.'' 2004. p. 83〕
Surveying the voluminous corpus of Buddhist texts that originated in India, Ronald Davidson writes that Indian Buddhists were prolific writers of buddhavacana literature, and that was a special quality of Indian Buddhism:〔Davidson, Ronald. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement.'' p. 147〕
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