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''Bunad'' (Norwegian plural: bunader) is a Norwegian umbrella term encompassing, in its broadest sense, a range of both traditional rural clothes (mostly dating to the 19th and 18th centuries) as well as modern 20th-century folk costumes. In its narrow sense the word ''bunad'' refers only to clothes designed in the early 20th century that are loosely based on traditional costumes. The word ''bunad'' in itself is a 20th-century invention. The bunad movement has its root in 19th-century national romanticism, which included an interest for traditional folk costumes not only in Norway, but also in neighbouring countries such as Denmark and notably Germany. However, in Norway national romanticist ideas had a more lasting impact, as seen in the use of folk inspired costumes. ==History == The bunad movement has been carried forward by enthusiasts all over the country and new bunad variations are frequently created and proposed for approval. Designers such as Lise Skjåk Bræk have developed entire lines of costumes based on the bunad tradition. In the field of folk costumes it is common to differentiate between ''bunad'' and ''folk costume'', the latter being the local dress in previous times with all its variations and use. Modern interpretations of these costumes have often modified or done away with completely parts of the traditional dresses in order to align them with a more conventional idea of beauty and fashion. For example, few Norwegians still use the headdresses and headpieces that were a part of the traditional costumes, preferring instead to show their hair, in accord with modern, western fashions. Ironically, these headdresses, like the one in the photo at the top of this article, would often have been seen as the most important part of the costume for native practitioners of the customs as the headdress often indicated an individual's social or marital status. There is a continuing debate about the extent to which bunads must conform to the standards, or whether it is acceptable to vary or improvise based on general themes. Some groups (sometimes derisively referred to as the ''bunad police'') argue that bunads must be sewn and worn according to strict standards; others advocate a more creative, lenient approach. Bunads are nowadays often viewed as a status symbol, ranging in the price of $2,000−10,000, depending on the desired design, material, embroidery, gold, silver and accessorizes. The price also depends on whether the customer buys from a well-established company like Husfliden, from local sewers or decides to sew or do part of the embroidery themselves. It usually takes up to a year to finish making the bunad, and it has become a tradition for parents to give their children a bunad as a confirmation gift, which they will wear on their confirmation day. In recent years, Chinese companies have starting selling cheaper bunads made in China, so-called "China bunads."〔(''Trønderbunad sys i Estland'' )〕 It has caused concern that these "China bunads" may undermine the authenticity and the desirability of the bunads.〔(– Bunad handler om ekthet ), NRK〕 Image:Braut ausBergen.jpg|Hardanger bunad with a bridal crown (''brudekrone'') Image:Hulda Garborg-bunad.jpg|Hulda Garborg in bunad Image:Hulda Garborg.jpg|Hulda Garborg in bunad Image:Wang sisters in USA.jpg|Norwegian immigrants in the U.S. wearing their traditional bunads Image:Gerhard Munthe-Budeia 1890 Hallingdal.jpg| ''Budeia'' - painting by Gerhard Munthe (1890) Image:Nils Bergslien-Frieriet.jpg|''Frieriet'' – painting by Nils Bergslien (1853–1928) Image:Nils Bergslien-Kven er størst måtru.jpg|''Kven er størst måttru'' – painting by Nils Bergslien (1853–1928) Image:Johannes flintoe norwegian folk costume from telemark.jpg|''Folkedrakter fra Gran i Telemark'' – painting by Johannes Flintoe Image:Trondheim bunad May 17.jpg|Two young women in bunad in Trøndelag Image:Young girls in bunad.jpg|Young girls in different national costumes at Akershus Image: bunad.jpg|Boy in bunad. Image:Setesdalsbunaden1.jpg|Bunad from Setesdal (Setesdalsbunad, female) Image:Setesdalsbunaden10.jpg|Setesdalsbunad (male) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bunad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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